MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY LÊ HẠNH DUYÊN GRAMMATICAL COHESION DEVICES IN READING TEXTS OF A SERIES OF “CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH PREPARE!” BY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8. Phan Văn Hòa BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN LÊ HẠNH DUYÊN PHƯƠNG TIỆN LIÊN KẾT NGỮ PHÁP TRONG CÁC BÀI ĐỌC HIỂU CỦA BỘ GIÁO TRÌNH “LUYỆN THI TIẾNG ANH CAMBRIDGE” CỦA NHÀ XUẤT BẢN ĐẠI HỌC CAMBRIDGE Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8.01 Người hướng dẫn: PGS. Phan văn Hòa i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby ceritfy that this thesis entitled “Grammatical cohesive devices in reading texts of series of “Cambridge English Prepare!” by Cambridge University Press is my own research. The data and findings stated in the thesis are true and have never been published by anyone in any other works, except where the reference is indicated in the study.
Binh Dinh, 2020 Lê Hạnh Duyên ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In order to complete this thesis, it is not only my efforts but also other assistance of individuals to whom I really want to offer my deepest gratitude. First and foremost, I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude and sincere to my supervisor, Assoc. Phan Văn Hòa for his valuable comments on my thesis. Thanks to his great experience and expertise in Discourse Analysis, he has supported me with his thoughtful guidance, comprehensive advices and patience throughout the whole period of the study.
Without his instructions, my thesis would have been impossible to be completed in the best way. Secondly, my gratitude is devoted to all the lecturers of the courses who have conveyed their valuable lectures and experiences. That is the essential knowledge base for this thesis. Thirdly, I also want to thank my close friends and colleagues for their encouragement and support.
Without them, maybe I could not have overcome all the trouble during this journey. Last but not least, I am deeply thankful to my family. Although they did not provide me knowledge, they are my greatest spiritual support throughout the course of Master degree in English Linguistics and especially during the fulfillment of this study. iii ABSTRACT This study is an attempt to investigate grammatical cohesive devices used in reading texts of a series of “Cambridge English Prepare!” by Cambridge University Press and their distinctive features in terms of meaning.
In the study, 159 reading texts in 7 levels of of a series of “Cambridge English Prepare!” are selected and collected for investigation. Based on the theoretical background presented in Chapter 2, grammatical cohesive devices are explored and analyzed. The theory of grammatical cohesion is mainly based on theory of Halliday and Hasan (1976). All types of grammatical cohesive devices (reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction) are used in the reading texts in which reference is the most commonly used, making up 64.
The second one is conjunction with 34. Ellipsis and substitution take up 0.3% respectively of the total percentage of devices. A combination of methods like quantitative, qualitative and inductive method were used in order to carry out this study. The findings of the study shows the frequency and the distinctive features of those grammatical cohesive devices in terms of meaning, which lay the foundations of implications for teaching and learning both reading and writing skills in English as a foreign language.
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. vi LIST OF TABLES.
vii LIST OF FIGURES. viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES. SCOPE OF THE STUDY.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY. 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW. 9 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD.
RESEARCH METHOD AND DESIGN. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES. DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY.
35 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. TYPES OF GRAMMATICAL COHESIVE DEVICES. 36 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS. IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES. 77 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS T: text L: level vii LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page number 2.1 Types of conjunction 29 3.1 Number of reading texts in each level 34 4.1 Distribution of reference devices in 7 levels 44 4.2 Distribution of substitution devices in 7 levels 50 4.3 Distribution of ellipsis devices in 7 levels 56 4.4 Distribution of conjunction devices in 7 levels 63 4.5 Distribution of grammatical cohesive devices in 7 64 levels viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page number 2.1 Types of reference 18 4.1 Frequency of grammatical cohesive devices in 7 65 levels 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. RATIONALE Foreign languages in general and English in particular are essential tools to help the country develop its economy and society.
The necessity of English has been more and more increasing when Vietnam has established diplomatic relations with nearly 170 countries and became the official member of WTO – the biggest international commercial organization in the world – in 2007. Being aware of this, English is considered as a compulsory subject at schools. Besides, learners take the international English exams like Cambridge English exams, in order to evaluate their skills and get valid English certificates to serve their different purposes such as jobs, studying abroad as well as testing their English ability and so on. Cambridge reading texts consist of different topics about real life.
They do not only strengthen and provide knowledge at school but also help learners prepare for such advanced international English exams as IELTS, Cambridge Assessment, or Toefl… Reading is considered to be very important among all communicative skills. It provides learners with information and vocabulary for other skills.15) claims “Reading is the strategic process in that a number of the skills and processes used in reading call for effort on the part of the reader to anticipate text information, selecting key information, organize and mentally summarize information, monitor comprehension, repair comprehension breakdowns, and match comprehension output to the reader goals.” 2 Halliday and Hasan (1976, p. 4) write “The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text”. Cohesion is expressed through vocabulary and grammar.
That means cohesion consists of grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. They are called cohesive devices. Cohesive devices link parts of units together. Grammatical cohesive devices include four types, reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.
Lexical cohesion consists of repetition, synonymy, antonymy, collocation, meronymy, and general word. In the process of teaching, I have realized that although the learners have a quite rich vocabulary, they are not good at recognizing sentences and expressing their answers. They do not pay attention to the linguistic structure of the text in general and grammatical cohesive devices in particular; this leads them to some weakpoints in reading and other skills. Recognising the importance of grammatical cohesion in interpreting the meaning of the texts, I decide to study grammatical cohesive devices.
Moreover, though a lot of researchers have studied cohesive devices in many fields such as stories, texts in textbooks, writings or speeches and so on, I find out that no researcher has studied grammatical cohesive devices in the reading texts of a series of “Cambridge English Prepare!” The analysis of grammatical cohesive devices used in this field is necessary. These are the reasons why I choose “Grammatical cohesive devices in reading texts of series of “Cambridge English Prepare!” by Cambridge University Press” as the subject of my thesis to examine these cohesive devices used in the reading texts as well as find out their functions in each level. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1. Aims The study is carried out with the aims to investigate types of grammatical cohesive devices (reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction) in reading texts of a series of “Cambridge English Prepare!” and their functions used in Cambridge reading texts.
The study is hoped to find out the better ways so as to help learners realize the role of grammatical cohesive devices in the reading texts and improve their both reading and writing skills. Objectives To achieve the above aims, the study is intended to: - Investigate grammatical cohesive devices (reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction) used in reading texts of a series of “Cambridge English Prepare!” in terms of linguistic features. - Find out the functions of grammatical cohesive devices (reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction) used in the reading texts. - Give some implications and suggestions for teaching the reading as well as writing skills.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS To achieve the aims and objectives mentioned above, the thesis will answer the three following questions: 1. What are the linguistic features of grammatical cohesive devices used in reading texts of a series of “Cambridge English Prepare!”? 2. How are they (reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction) used in reading texts of a series of “Cambridge English Prepare!”? 4 3. What are the implications and suggestions for teaching the reading as well as writing skills? 1.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study mainly uses the cohesion theory of Halliday and Hasan (1976) to examine types of grammatical cohesive devices, namely reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction in the reading texts. It concentrates on their linguistic features and usages as grammatical cohesive devices in texts from Halliday’s functional grammar. Especially, the research, on the data collected, considers the number and degrees of their functions used in each level in reading texts of a series of “Cambridge English Prepare!” by Cambridge University Press. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study is expected to point out linguistics features of grammatical cohesive devices used in the reading texts at the levels involved; from that, the research can draw some conclusions that are of theoretical and practical significance.
For theoretical significance, it provides more information, such as the linguistic features of these types. Practically, the research supplies the source for the teachers in guiding and helping learners improve both reading and writing skills. In addition, it also helps learners in communication. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY The study is organized into five main chapters as follows: - Chapter 1: Introduction introduces the rationale, the aims, and objectives of the study, the research questions, and the scope of the study, the significance, and the organization of the study.
5 Chapter 2: Literature review and theoretical background presents the overview of cohesive devices, namely grammatical cohesion, and presents the theoretical background on which the analysis will be done. Besides, previous studies related to the research area are also mentioned. Chapter 3: Method focuses on the methodology and the procedure of the research as well as data collection and data analysis. Chapter 4: Findings and discussion analyzes and discusses grammatical cohesive devices used in reading texts of a series of “Cambridge English Prepare!” and their functions.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and implications summarizes the major findings, points out limitations as well as gives out implications for teaching and learning, and puts forward suggestions for further studies. 6 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2. OVERVIEW This chapter is to provide the literature review and theoretical background of the study. Firstly, a brief review of related previous researches related to the investigated problem is mentioned.
Then it provides background knowledge of the terms concerned, including knowledge of cohesion as well as types of grammatical cohesion. LITERATURE REVIEW Cohesive devices are used in all languages in the world as tools to link different parts of units together. During several years, the analysis of cohesion is very well-known to researchers in the study of discourse. Due to the important roles of cohesive devices in English, many researchers have paid a lot of attention to this field.
The popular book on this field in the English language is Cohesion in English by Halliday and Hasan (1976). They introduce the concept of cohesion as a semantic concept. It deals with the relationships of meaning in the texts. Cohesion presents how semantic relationships are set up by lexical and syntactic features.