MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION THESIS FOOD TECHNOLOGY PROPERTIES OF POWDERS AND FILMS FROM KARAYA GUM MODIFIED BY BICARBONATE HYDROLYSIS AND ESTERIFICATION ADVISOR: NGUYEN VINH TIEN STUDENT: TO QUE PHUNG NGUYEN TRUC HUYNH SKL 0 0 8 9 3 9 Ho Chi Minh City, August, 2022 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION PROJECT Thesis code: 2022-18116018 PROPERTIES OF POWDERS AND FILMS FROM KARAYA GUM MODIFIED BY BICARBONATE HYDROLYSIS AND ESTERIFICATION NGUYEN TRUC HUYNH Student ID: 18116018 TO QUE PHUNG Student ID: 18116028 Major: FOOD TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: NGUYEN VINH TIEN, Assoc. Ho Chi Minh City, August 2022 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION PROJECT Thesis code: 2022-18116018 PROPERTIES OF POWDERS AND FILMS FROM KARAYA GUM MODIFIED BY BICARBONATE HYDROLYSIS AND ESTERIFICATION NGUYEN TRUC HUYNH Student ID: 18116018 TO QUE PHUNG Student ID: 18116028 Major: FOOD TECHNOLOGY Supervisor: NGUYEN VINH TIEN, Assoc. Ho Chi Minh City, August 2022 THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence – Freedom– Happiness -------- Ho Chi Minh City, August 8th, 2022 GRADUATION PROJECT ASSIGNMENT Student name: Nguyen Truc Huynh Student ID: 18116018 Student name: To Que Phung Student ID: 18116028 Major: Food Technology Class: 181160CLA Supervisor: Assoc. Nguyen Vinh Tien Email: tiennv@hcmute.vn Date of assignment: 14/02/2022 Date of submission: 08/08/2022 1.
Project title: Properties of powders and films from karaya gum modified by bicarbonate hydrolysis and esterification. Initial materials provided by the advisor: karaya gum 3. Content of the project: Treatment of karaya gum by bicarbonate hydrolysis and esterification. Investigating the properties of karaya gum before and after modification such as FTIR spectrum, solubility, swelling moisture uptake, emulsion stabilization, relative viscosity and degree of esterification.
Creating films of karaya gum samples and studying their properties such as mechanical properties, moisture content, water vapor permeanbility, UV-vis absorption spectrum and transmittance and antibacterial ability towards E. Besides, tthe modified films are applied as a coating film on the surface. Final product: modified karaya gum powders and their films The content and requirements of the graduation thesis have been approved by the Chair of the Food Technology program CHAIR OF THE PROGRAM ADVISOR (Sign with full name) (Sign with full name) iii DECLARATION We declare that all information and materials provided and related to this thesis are our own, with the exception of instances where there is direct recognition and reference to scholarly papers by other writers. Additionally, we attest that all references included in the thesis have been properly, accurately, and thoroughly referenced.
Ho Chi Minh City, August 8, 2022 Authors Nguyen Truc Huynh To Que Phung iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to extend our profound gratitude to the instructors at the Department of Chemical and Food Technology at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education for providing us with the facilities, tools, and circumstances for research. We would like to express our profound gratitude to the instructors of the Department of Chemical and Food Technology of Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education for providing us with the conditions and environment for research, facilities, and equipment to complete the graduation thesis. We faced obstacles and problems while we conducted our studies and learned, but we also gained information, skills, and experiences that were beneficial. Besides, we also receive the help and encouragement of teachers and friends.
This assisted us in overcoming obstacles encountered during the implementation of this thesis. We also want to express our gratitude to Assoc. Nguyen Vinh Tien, who has been our devoted mentor and shared all of his knowledge and teaching expertise with us so that we could successfully finish our graduation thesis. Sincere appreciation to Ms.
Ho Thi Thu Trang, Department of Food Technology, who made it possible for us to utilize the measurement tools and equipment that were already in the lab of the Faculty of Food Technology and Chemistry. Finally, we would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to our classmates for helping to organize and support the thesis experiments. We sincerely thank! v OnlinePhotoScanner. v LIST OF FIGURES.ix LIST OF TABLES .xi LIST OF ABBREVIATION.
xiii CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION. Objectives of the study. Object and scope of the study. Scientific and practical significance.
Applications of KG. Mechanism of hydrolysis and esterification of KG. Introduction of ingredients. Tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride (TPSA) .14 CHAPTER 3 :MATERIALS AND METHODS.
Materials and equipment. Materials and chemicals. Research flow chart. Process of modified KG.
Process of hydrolyzed KG in alkaline condition. Process of esterified KG. Characterization of Modified KG Powder. Solubility and Swelling measurement.
Emulsion stabilization system. Emulsion stability index (ESI). Oil particle size in emulsion. Degree of esterification.
Stretchability of film. Moisture content, water uptake, solubility. Water vapor permeability (WVP). UV-vis absorption spectrum and transmittance of film.
Determination of film thickness. Evaluation of the coating ability of film.26 CHAPTER 4 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Characterization of modified KG powder. FTIR – Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of the powder and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
FTIR – Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Solubility and swelling. Emulsion stabilization system. Emulsion stability index.
Oil particle size in emulsion. Degree of esterification. Characterization of modified KG film. Moisture content, water uptake, solubility.
Water vapor permeability (WVP). UV-Vis Spectra and Transparency of the film. Thickness of film. Evaluation of the coating ability of film.55 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
64 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Sterculia tree and KG .Chemical structure of KG .The mechanism of deacetylation in KG .The mechanism of esterification .The chemical structure of glycerol (M.Sodium tripolyphosphate structure. Flow chart showing the classic spray method (CM) and the dry single-stage method (DSM) of STPP production .The structure of Benzoic anhydride. Structure of STPP+TPSA .Flow chart summary of the research process .Method of hydrolysis of KG .Process of esterified KG with STPP and STPP+TPSA/STPP+BA. Processing film preparation .FTIR spectra of hydrolyzed KG .FTIR spectra of original, hydrolysis and esterified samples .Solubility of KG samples.
Swelling of KG samples .Moisture uptake of KG samples .Relative viscosity of powder sample .Samples with 3 different concentrations were mulled together in a week.ESI of samples with 3 concentrations after 7 days of storage.ESI index of samples at 0.ESI index of samples at 1% concentration.ESI index of samples at 2% concentration.The particle size of analyzed samples following to the concentration after 1 week of storage.Degree of esterification of modified KG.Tensile strength and elongation at break of films at 10% of glycerol .Moisture content of samples according to glycerol concentration.Water uptake of samples according to glycerol concentration.Water solubility of samples according to glycerol concentration.Water vapor permeability of films.Colonies with films after 24h of plate spreading.Photograph of colonies propagated in film-containing medium after 24h of plate spreading .54 x LIST OF TABLES Table 2.The physicochemical properties of KG from Blue Nile and Kordofan .Mineral composition of KG (µg/g) from Blue Nile and Kordofan regions .Some characteristic peaks in FTIR spectra of the hydrolyzed KG powders .Some characteristic peaks in FTIR spectra of the modified KG samples .Droplet size picture of samples observed with 7 days.Calculate degree of esterification (DE) .Results of tensile strength and elongation at break.The values of WVP of films.Average percent light transmittance of samples at UV-Vis region .The thickness of films.Colony count results .Fruit observed after 6 days of film coating .55 xi LIST OF ABBREVIATION KG Karaya gum OKG Original karaya gum HKG Hydrolyzed karaya gum MKG Modified karaya gum H10 Hydrolyzed with 10mL NaHCO3 1.5M H20 Hydrolyzed with 20mL NaHCO3 1.5M H40 Hydrolyzed with 40mL NaHCO3 1.5M H80 Hydrolyzed with 80mL NaHCO3 1.5M STPP Sodium triphosphate TPSA Tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride. BA Benzoic anhydride. STPP+BA Esterified KG with Sodium triphosphate and Benzoic anhydride STPP+TPSA Esterified KG with Sodium triphosphate and Tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride xii ABSTRACT In today's modern world, key industries have a strong impact on the development of the country's economy and that of other economies, bringing sustainability in strength as well as benefits for the future. The food processing industry is one of the economic foundations of the country, with an abundance of raw materials.
The focus on food preservation is being taken cared of by food experts and engineers for the longest and most optimized storage time possible. Moreover, foods that are combined with food additives of natural origin cannot be absent from processed products using suitable products, which is a trend to develop healthier products. In addition, there have been many studies in the world that have created suitable food packaging and preservation methods. Therefore, this study focused on the properties of bicarbonate hydrolyzed modified karaya gum powder close to the food industry and esterification.
Along with that, analyzing properties such as those of modified karaya gum films to consider the possibility of preserving them in fruits. The physical and chemical properties of the MKG powder were evaluated, such as FITR spectrum, solubility and swelling, viscosity, Emulsion stability index, moisture uptake and degree of esterification. The produced films are evaluated for physicochemical, mechanical and microbiological properties. The moisture permeability of the films was found to be reduced compared to the original KG films without the addition of oil, low light absorption of films in the visible region.
xiii CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction In the period of industrialization and modernization of the country, the requirements for food, consumption, and living conditions are getting higher and higher, more and more convenient to fully meet and bring a better quality of life for people. That is why today, the food technology industry is one of the ever-evolving industries, striving to bring about achievements in food to ensure and improve the health of people in general and Vietnamese people in particular. In response to those requirements, food factories are constantly creating foods, fast foods, canned goods, or ready-made products with long shelf life, convenience and guaranteed food safety and hygiene.
To do that, we cannot help but rely on the support of food additives. Food additives are quite diverse in origin and function, especially those of natural origin that are always researched, developed and applied in food. One of the common food additive ingredients including karaya gum (KG), is widely used due to its low cost, abundant supply and good gel-forming and water-absorbing properties. It is used as a structural stabilizer for foods.
In order to know more about the structure, essence and application of KG in the additive industry, we conducted a study on " Properties of powders and films from karaya gum modified by bicarbonate hydrolysis and esterification”. Objectives of the study In order to learn about the effects of KG after modification and whether it is similar or different to the original KG, we have modified KG (hydrolysis, esterification) and then there are comparative studies between before and after modification of KG. Object and scope of the study - Research object: Karaya Gum - Scope of the study: this study was carried out on a laboratory scale. Research content Research on modification of KG by hydrolysis and esterification, investigation of solubility, viscosity, moisture uptake, infrared spectrum, and emulsification ability of KG before and after modification.
Scientific and practical significance - Research the properties of KG before and after modification. - Enhancing the value and application of KG more widely in the food additive industry and other fields. - Apply the ability to create films to make active films to replace plastic films, help protect the environment, limit mold. Introduction The dried exudates derived from the trunk and branches of the Sterculia tree, family Sterculiaceae, are known as Karaya Gum.
The gum is gathered after the tree has been tapped or blazed, or as natural exudates. Sterculia setigera is widely acknowledged as one of the most important sources of commercial KG in the world.