Tác động của tài chính và tín dụng nội địa đến tăng trưởng kinh tế: Nghiên cứu từ 1995-2014

Nghiên cứu tác động của độ sâu tài chính và tín dụng nội địa đến tăng trưởng kinh tế ở các nước thu nhập thấp và trung bình giai đoạn 1995-2014.

Trường đại học

University of Economics

Chuyên ngành

Development Economics

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Thesis

2016

105
1
0

Phí lưu trữ

35 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

1. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Research objectives and questions

1.2. Research scope and data

1.3. Research structure

2. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Endogenous growth theory

2.2. Financial development and economic growth

2.3. Roles of financial system in the economic growth

2.3.1. Providing information and distributing resources

2.3.2. Reducing costs of information collection and transaction process

2.3.3. Entrepreneur management strengthening

2.4. Theories of financial development. Measurements of explaining variables. Measurements of financial development indicators

2.4.1. Ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP

2.4.2. Ratio of domestic credit to private sector by banks to GDP

2.5. Determinants of economic growth

2.5.1. Ratio of government expenditures to GDP

2.5.2. Ratio of exports and imports to GDP

2.5.3. Secondary education enrollment rate

3. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Common constant method (Pooled OLS)

3.2. Fixed effects method (FEM)

3.3. Random effects method (REM)

3.4. Generalized method of moments (GMM)

4. CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH RESULTS

4.1. Descriptive statistics of the sample

4.2. Results of Pooled OLS, FEM and REM tests for panel data regression model (Static regression model)

4.3. Discussions on the estimation results of FEM (Static regression model)

4.4. Discussions on the estimation results of GMM (Dynamic regression model)

5. CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

APPENDIX A: LIST OF SELECTED COUNTRIES

APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEWS

APPENDIX C: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF VARIABLES

APPENDIX D: PANEL DATA REGRESSION RESULTS

APPENDIX E: HAUSMAN TEST RESULTS

APPENDIX F: GMM REGRESSION RESULTS

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UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS IMPACTS OF FINANCIAL DEPTH AND DOMESTIC CREDIT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE CASES OF LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES FROM 1995-2014 BY LE THI HOANG ANH MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, OCTOBER 2016 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS IMPACTS OF FINANCIAL DEPTH AND DOMESTIC CREDIT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE CASES OF LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES FROM 1995-2014 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By LE THI HOANG ANH Academic Supervisor: Dr. Pham Thi Bich Ngoc HO CHI MINH CITY, OCTOBER 2016 ii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABBREVIATIONS OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development IMF International Monetary Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income ODA Official Development Assistance FDI Foreign Direct Investment FPI Foreign Portfolio Investment OLS Ordinary Least Squares FEM Fixed Effects Model REM Random Effects Model GMM Generalized Method of Moments IV Instrumental Variable iii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the impacts of financial development on economic growth with the cases of 122 low and middle-income countries from 1995 to 2014. Indicators for financial development include the ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP and the ratio of domestic credit to private sector by banks to GDP. Control variables include the inflation rate, the ratio of government final consumption expenditures to GDP, the ratio of exports and imports to GDP, and the total enrollment in secondary education. Research results are drawn from estimation methods of Pooled OLS, FEM (Fixed Effects Model), REM (Random Effects Model) and GMM (Generalized Method of Moments). Accordingly, financial development is concluded to have negative effects on economic growth in countries with low and middle incomes during 1995-2014. Nevertheless, the estimation results have some differences due to the differences in the estimation methods. In particular, the ratio of domestic credit to private sector by banks to GDP has negative impacts on economic growth rate, which is concluded by both FEM and GMM regression results. However, the impacts of the ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP on economic growth rate are differently described by the two estimation methods. According to the FEM regression results, the ratio of liquid liabilities is statistically significant and has negative influences on economic growth rate. However, according to the GMM regression results, the ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP is statistically insignificant and has no effects on the economic growth rate. Although the estimation results by FEM and GMM estimation methods have some variations, the final conclusions are considered to be identical: Financial development is proposed to have negative impacts on economic growth of countries with low and middle incomes. The explanations for the negative impacts can be drawn from the fact that capital investments tend to have low productivity and weak efficiency in countries with low and middle incomes. iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF FIGURES .ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . Research objectives and questions . Research scope and data . 6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW . Endogenous growth theory . Financial development and economic growth . Roles of financial system in the economic growth . Providing information and distributing resources . Reducing costs of information collection and transaction process . Entrepreneur management strengthening . Theories of financial development. Measurements of explaining variables. Measurements of financial development indicators . Ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP . Ratio of domestic credit to private sector by banks to GDP . Determinants of economic growth . 22 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Ratio of government expenditures to GDP . Ratio of exports and imports to GDP . Secondary education enrollment rate . 29 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . Common constant method (Pooled OLS) . Fixed effects method (FEM) . Random effects method (REM) . Generalized method of moments (GMM). 44 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH RESULTS . Descriptive statistics of the sample . Results of Pooled OLS, FEM and REM tests for panel data regression model (Static regression model) . Discussions on the estimation results of FEM (Static regression model) . Discussions on the estimation results of GMM (Dynamic regression model) .61 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS . 74 vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.76 APPENDIX A: LIST OF SELECTED COUNTRIES .85 APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEWS .87 APPENDIX C: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF VARIABLES. 91 APPENDIX D: PANEL DATA REGRESSION RESULTS .93 APPENDIX E: HAUSMAN TEST RESULTS . 95 APPENDIX F: GMM REGRESSION RESULTS . 96 vii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Expected sign of variables .1: Summary statistics of variables .2: Correlations on the sample observation .3: Results of Pooled OLS, FEM and REM regression model (Static regression model) .4: Results of Hausman Test .5: Results of GMM regression model (Dynamic regression model) .61 viii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Scatter diagrams among dependent variable (GROWTH) and financial development variables (DEPTH, CREDIT) .2: Scatter diagrams among dependent variable (GROWTH) and control variables (INFLATION, GOVERNMENT, TRADE, EDUCATION) . 50 ix TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Problem statements From the ancient to modern time, economists have had endless discussions about the sources of economic growth and why countries had their own level and rate of economic development. There have been such a lot of economic theories that have tried to explain how and why economic growth takes place in different countries during different periods of time. Some of them draw attention to the process of capital and labor accumulation, international business expansion, educational strengthening strategies, etc. There are many factors that influence the development of economic growth. Among them, financial development is considered as one of the most important stimulators. In these recent years, a lot of attention has been put into the position of financial development in the economic growth of a wide range of countries all over the world. Particularly, in the time of international trade and cooperation, the development of financial markets is greatly appreciated. Financial development and its effect on economic growth are common research objectives by economists from the past to present times. For instance, according to McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973), there is positive relationship between financial development and economic growth. Besides, Levine (1997) has proved that financial development contributed to economic growth through the processes of enhancing investing environments, minimizing investing expenses, gathering capital funds, stimulating technologies, and providing risk insurances. However, besides the positive relationship between financial development and economic growth, some economists have stated other ideas about the relationship between them. McKinnon (1973), King and Levine (1993b), Levine, Loayza and Beck (2000) have followed the finance-led-growth theory to point out 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com that if financial markets were properly developed, they could enhance the economic growth rate. In contrast, Goldsmith (1969), Shaw (1973) and Jung (1986) have applied the growth-led-finance theory to indicate that it was the economic improvement that stimulated the needs for financial tools, which contributed to the development of financial markets in correspondence. Moreover, Patrick (1966) has revealed that there was a mutual relationship between financial development and economic growth. According to Patrick (1966), the impact of financial development of economic growth occurred at the beginning of economic developing process. As financial services were improved, technologies were upgraded, and risks were reduced, savers would get higher saving rates, and investors would receive greater rates of returns. It could be inferred that early economic growth got benefits from financial development through the capital mobilizing and scattering processes. In this early period, the relationship between financial development and economic growth followed the finance-led-growth theory. After that, as economic growth was upgraded, the needs for financial tools induced the needs for financial markets to make further development. In this later period, the relationship between financial development and economic growth was based on the growth-led-finance theory. Nevertheless, not all of economists support the idea that there is positive relationship between financial development and economic growth. Some authors such as Robinson (1953) did not agree that financial development played an important part in the process of economic growth. In another circumstance, Lucas (1988) indicated that other researchers had overestimated the impact of financial development on economic growth. Recently, although the relationship between financial development and economic growth is widely investigated in the cases of specific countries or groups of countries, the conclusions are still under debate. Like in the past, while many papers support the positive influence of financial development of economic growth, some others reveal different points of views. Calderón and Liu (2003) 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com investigate a group of 109 countries during the period of time from 1965 to 1994 and conclude that financial development in developing countries has greater effect on economic growth than in industrial countries. In addition, in their working paper, Calderón and Liu (2003) also point out that the channels through which financial development modifies economic growth are investment facilitating and technological renovation. In developing countries, the impact of financial development on economic growth is more powerful, however, in industrial countries, the effect of economic growth on financial development outweighs. Christopoulus and Tsionas (2004) display that the mutual relationship between financial development and economic growth does not exit in both short and long run. However, they confirm that financial development has an effect on economic growth when estimating the data of 10 developing countries between 1970 and 2000. Beside positive points of views, some economist present negative ideas about the correlation between financial development and economic growth rate. For example, Loayza and Ranciere (2006) express their concerns about the possibility that financial development can provoke financial crisis, which then lead to economic downturns. In this case, financial development has negative influence on economic growth. De Gregorio and Guidotti (1995), Wu, Hou and Cheng (2010), Hassan, Sanchez and Yu (2011) have the same point of views that the relationship between financial development and economic growth can be ambiguous. All of them state that the way financial development affects economic growth depends on many factors such as the qualifications of financial markets, the developing levels of institutions, the evaluations of financial advancements, the periods of time that researches focus on, the groups of countries that data are collected, etc. Overall, it is obvious that one research topic can bring about various research conclusions. The relationship between financial development and economic growth has been widely examined from the past to present time, but the 3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com results turn out to be controversial. There are several factors that lead to dissimilarities. The first factor is the selection of measurements as different measurements of financial development can bring about different research results. The second factor is the means through which economic growth is influenced by financial development. Therefore, investigating the relationship between financial development and economic growth attracts researchers’ attention all the time. As the effect of financial development on economic growth is clearly defined, authorities can find out proper policies for economic growth to make further improvement. Furthermore, the creation and development of financial institutions, stock markets, foreign exchange markets, bond markets, etc. have been more and more concerned besides the creation and development of industrial fields. Therefore, as financial crisis and economic downturns took place in high-developed countries like the United States from 2007 to 2009, financial systems were unavoidably damaged in many other countries over the world. However, the extent to which financial crisis and economic downturns cause negative impacts on economic growth is not similar in all countries.

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