UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL 51 UDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES. HOANG THI XUAN QUY THE LINGUISTIC DEVICES MAKING WITTINESS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE HUMOUROUS STORIES: A STUDY OF CONTRASTIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (Cac phuong tign ngén ngi tao nén sw di dém trong truyện hài Anh-Viét: Nghién ctu đối chiêu phân tích diễn ngôn) M.A Thesis — Program 1 Field: Linguistics Code: 602215 TIẢ NỘI-2012 UNIVERSTTY OF LANGIJAGES AND INTERNATTONAI. STUDIES KACULEY OE POSL-GIADUATE 8T UDLES HOÀNG THỊ XUÂN QUÝ THE LINGUISTIC DEVICES MAKING WITTINESS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE HUMOUROUS STORIES: A STUDY OF CONTRASTIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (Các phương tiện ngôn ngữ tạo nên sự di dém trong truyện hai Anh-Việt: Nghiên cứu đối chiều phân tích diễn ngôn) M.A Thesis — Program 1 Field: Linguistics Code: 602215 SUPERVISOR: NGO HU HOANG, Ph.D TABLE OF CONTEN DECLARATION ACKNOWLUDGUMLN'1 LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND ABBREVIATIONS. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT cscs ke ke INTRODLUCTION.Aims of the suudy 3.8cope of the study.Method of the stuáy aaa 5.
Organization of the sturly DEVELOPMENT. ¬— ¬— CHAPTER 1: THE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND LA. Definition of Diseourse. Types of Discourse 1.
Humour and Its Categories. Overview of Humourous Stories 1. The Incongruity Theory in Tumour 14 1. Figure of Speech as Linguistic Devices in Humoureus Stories.
Metonymy 18 CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY 2. Data Collection Attardo and Victor Raskin with Seript-Based Semantic Theory Of IIumour (SSTH) and The General Theory Of Verbal Humour (GTVH) respectively. The main hypothesis is quoted by Avro Krikman (2006.31, internet 7) as follows SSTH is the theory refers to a text which can be characterized as a singlejoke- carrying text if both of the conditions are satisfied. The text is compatible, fully or in part, with tvo different scripts.
The two scripts with the text 1s compatible are opposite in a special sense defined in section 4. The iwo scripts with which ihe iext is compatible are said to overlap fully or in part on this fext. GTVH is presented as a theory that allows us to relate perceived differences between jokes to six hierarchically ordered Knowledge Resources (parameters), namely knowledge concerning Language; Narrative Strategies; Target(s): Situation; Logical Mechanism(s); Script Opposition{s). The investigation of the linguistic devi ss making the wiltmess by discourse analysis is a large ficld that was implemented by the linguistics in the world.
Generally, this matter is investigated and explored long before by many people in the ficld of language. However, everything scems to be different. in Vieluamn because the study of humour is less and the study by discourse analysis, especially the professional and contrastive one of Inglish humourous stories and Vietnamese humourous stories (hereafter called EHS and VHS respectively). Let's begin with Vũ Ngọc Khanh whe presented us the book named Hanh Trinh Vào Xứ Sở Cười (translation: The Journey to the Land of Laughier) in 1996.
Ile gave us the overview of VHS, including the folklores and the scholar-styled literatures on the aspects of time and space. During the history, Vai Ngoc Khanh (1996:7) claimed that from the 17" century, VHS has developed with the appearance of Trang Quynh collection whose the objects lo be laughed al. were the king, officials, Gods and Budda, monks, traders, ete. Also from this century, we have had other scholar-styled authors like Nguyễn Bá Lân er Nguyễn Cư Trinh, and in the modem time there are Tủ Mỡ, Tú Xương, Vũ Trọng Phụng, Nguyễn Công Hoan, Bút Tre, cle.
About the aspeet. of space, he stated that the humour is created by people in the specific lands like Vinh Hoang village, Đông Anh villages, Hoa Lang villages (Vii Ngoc Khanh, 1996, p. One more point in his book is that he untroduecd us the linguistic uses for making laughter, including puns, slang and bad language. We can find the words NTRODUCTION 1, Rationale It cannot be denied that humour plays an important role in the human life and the whole society because it is not only the means of entertainment but also the weapon to criticize the groups of people with the purpose of clearing away the negative attitudes, the out-date thoughts, the discrimination existing in the society.
Besides, humour is the special means of reaching the better things which satisfy the progressive thoughts and the lower-class’s dream of equality. ‘he laughter at the specific objects with the deeply social meanings always carries the humour and exists long im the spiritual products of human beings. In the relation with the humour, the laughter is indispensable, but the humour may also include wittiness, joke, criticism, ete. About these categories, the researcher is going to mention in the ext part ol the study so thal there is a [ull overview of what 1s investigated into.
Tt is said that Aristot is one of the first author that investigated the nature of hamour when he stated that the humour is acsihelic. However, il is necessary le note thal the humour is aesthetic only when it is aimed at the specific object with the deeply social meanings. The humour was born out of hostility. If there had been no hostility in man, there had been no laughter (and, incidentally, no need for laughter).
All the current humour and wittiness retain evidence of this hostile origin types. Furthermore, humour is the product of the society when people, by different means, make the laughter in the spiritual works like the IIS, the play, the cartoons, the Ñmmy pictures and movies, elc. Among those types of literature, the short humourous storics (hereafter called HS) are rcally important in amusement by just some short sentences, and it is easy for the readers to provoke the laughter at ease to onlertain or salire the negative sides of human beings or the whole society. Being different from the other types of art like cartoon, funny pictures and play; the humorous stories use the only means of language to express the laughter like the following slory Attardo and Victor Raskin with Seript-Based Semantic Theory Of IIumour (SSTH) and The General Theory Of Verbal Humour (GTVH) respectively.
The main hypothesis is quoted by Avro Krikman (2006.31, internet 7) as follows SSTH is the theory refers to a text which can be characterized as a singlejoke- carrying text if both of the conditions are satisfied. The text is compatible, fully or in part, with tvo different scripts. The two scripts with the text 1s compatible are opposite in a special sense defined in section 4. The iwo scripts with which ihe iext is compatible are said to overlap fully or in part on this fext.
GTVH is presented as a theory that allows us to relate perceived differences between jokes to six hierarchically ordered Knowledge Resources (parameters), namely knowledge concerning Language; Narrative Strategies; Target(s): Situation; Logical Mechanism(s); Script Opposition{s). The investigation of the linguistic devi ss making the wiltmess by discourse analysis is a large ficld that was implemented by the linguistics in the world. Generally, this matter is investigated and explored long before by many people in the ficld of language. However, everything scems to be different.
in Vieluamn because the study of humour is less and the study by discourse analysis, especially the professional and contrastive one of Inglish humourous stories and Vietnamese humourous stories (hereafter called EHS and VHS respectively). Let's begin with Vũ Ngọc Khanh whe presented us the book named Hanh Trinh Vào Xứ Sở Cười (translation: The Journey to the Land of Laughier) in 1996. Ile gave us the overview of VHS, including the folklores and the scholar-styled literatures on the aspects of time and space. During the history, Vai Ngoc Khanh (1996:7) claimed that from the 17" century, VHS has developed with the appearance of Trang Quynh collection whose the objects lo be laughed al.
were the king, officials, Gods and Budda, monks, traders, ete. Also from this century, we have had other scholar-styled authors like Nguyễn Bá Lân er Nguyễn Cư Trinh, and in the modem time there are Tủ Mỡ, Tú Xương, Vũ Trọng Phụng, Nguyễn Công Hoan, Bút Tre, cle. About the aspeet. of space, he stated that the humour is created by people in the specific lands like Vinh Hoang village, Đông Anh villages, Hoa Lang villages (Vii Ngoc Khanh, 1996, p.
One more point in his book is that he untroduecd us the linguistic uses for making laughter, including puns, slang and bad language. We can find the words Phái triển không đồng đều Buổi tối, anh thợ làm bánh mì thường dẫn người vêu ra ghế đã công viên, Có lần anh hải: ~_ Em yêu, lại sao cứ na buổi hẹn hò là em đối chỗ bên này qua bon kia vậy? C6 gai hén lén: - Tai vi néu em củ ngôi mỗi một bên như uập thì cơ thể em sẽ phat trién không đồng đều. Translated version: Develop unequally In the evening the baker often takes his girl friend to the park bench. Once he asked her: - My dear, why do you change your side after the half-date? She answered sofily: - Because if | remain one side, my body would develop unequally.
In the past, there were a lot of studies about the humour of scholars, humorists, philosophers and psychologists, dating back as far as Plato, Socrates and Aristotle, to Darwin and Freud, Eastman and Pittington, through to Koestler and Midess; plus more than 100 theories of humour and laughter, some of them brilliant investigations into the social and behavioral nature of humour and laughter. According to the standard analysis of Fnierned Encyclopedia of Philosophy (nlernet 23), humor theories can be classified into three neatly identifiable groups: the incongruity, superiority, and relief theories. Incongruity theory is the leading approach and includes hislorical figures such as Immanuel Kant, Soren Kierkegaard, and perhaps has its origins in comments made by Aristotle in the Rhetoric. The paradigmatic superiority theorist is Thomas Hobbes (1958 c8, imiemet 5), who said that humor arises from a “sudden glory” fell when we recognize our supremacy over others.
Plato and Aristotle are generally considered superiorty theorisis, who emphasized the aggressive feelings thal. The third group, relief theory, is typically associated with Sigmund Freud and Herbert Spencer, who saw humor as fundamentally a way to release or save energy generated by repression. Today, there are two well-known linguistics as Salvatore having the co-equal meanings as follows: ‘Lén phd Mia gdp cô hàng một, cẩm tay kéo lại, hội thầm đường" (Translaled version: Dewnlown lo Sugarcane sireel, see Miss. Treacle, ask her the direction).
Another author should be mentioned is Nguyễn Hoàng Yén when he discovered the pragmatic mechanism through the disseralion ° Truyện Cười Dân Gian Việt Nam Dưới Góc Độ Dụng Học" (The Vietnamese Foiklores: A Study of Pragmatics). Based on the cooperation principles of Grice Maxim, politeness principles, reference and implicature, Nguyén Hoang (2011: 116) found out that implicatures in conversalion appeared al the closings of the stories and played the substantial role in making laughter. ‘The implicatures of the opening and the body is the only cause and condition for the closings and the lessons of morality would be from such unplicatures. Nguyén Thi llổng Nhưng is the author of the master thesis: ‘émplicatie in English and Vietnamese funny stories’.
In this study, she discovered both languages have the same implicature mechanism based on flouting or violating the maxims that are important for the writers in order to evoke feelings and reactions in their readers (Nguyén Thi Héng Nhung, 2010, p. It can be seen that there have not been any study of IIS under discourse analysis and contraslive belween English and Vielnamese implemented before by any researchers in Vietnam, so the author of this study believes that this would be the first time this subject is carried out and hopes that it would be new approach to the humour under discourse analysis m Vietnam as well as to the literalure of which HS are the object of the study.