Nguyên nhân sa thải lao động tại Việt Nam: Dữ liệu từ các doanh nghiệp

Nghiên cứu nguyên nhân sa thải lao động tại Việt Nam dựa trên dữ liệu từ các doanh nghiệp, cung cấp cái nhìn sâu sắc về vấn đề này.

2012

55
1
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND GRAPHES

1. CHƯƠNG 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Problem statement

1.2. Research objectives and research questions

1.2.1. Research objectives

1.2.2. Research questions

1.3. Definition

1.4. Theories

1.4.1. Human capital

1.4.2. Labor demand

1.4.3. Determinants of labor demand

2. CHƯƠNG 2: EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON DETERMINANTS OF LABOR RETRENCHMENT

2.1. Empirical studies before 2000 year

2.2. Empirical studies after 2000 year

APPENDIX

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS CAUSES OF LABOR RETRENCHMENT IN VIETNAM: EVIDENCE FROM FIRM-BASED DATA By NGUYEN THI THANH NHAN MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2012 A LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS CAUSES OF LABOR RETRENCHMENT IN VIETNAM: EVIDENCE FROM FIRM-BASED DATA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By NGUYEN THI THANH NHAN Academic surpervisor Dr. PHAM KHANH NAM HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2012 B LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Labor retrenchment is one of the most important issues of enterprises during the reform process in a transition economy, especially in the market economy. In the recent years, the number of labor fired in Vietnamese enterprise has risen rapidly. The question of whether which factors impact on labor retrenchment in firms is still considered. Therefore, this paper examines the causes of labor retrenchment in Vietnam. I focus on micro, small and medium enterprises using firm-level in Small and Medium Vietnamese Enterprises Survey in 2009. Using descriptive statistic and regression model, the results are found that enterprise’s performance measured by output; training cost for labor, wage rate; factors such as debt, firm age, firm size and competition; impact on the degree of labor retrenchment. Technological innovation measured by equipment investment affects labor retrenchment in a firm insignificantly. KEYWORDS Labor retrenchment Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Vietnam i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….i TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………ii LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND GRAPHES …………………………….2 Research objectives and research questions…………………………………3 1.3 Data resources and research methodology………………………………….3 Empirical studies on determinants of labor retrenchment……………….1 Empirical studides before 2000 year……….2 Empirical studies after 2000 year………………………………….1 Data resources and sample size……………………………………20 3.21 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.xxi iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND GRAPHES FIGURE 2.1 Determinants of labor retrenchment in empirical studies…….49 TABLE A1 Empirical studies summary…………………………………………xi TABLE A2 Criteria for small and medium enterprise according to the decree No. 56/2009 NĐ-CP dated 30 June 2009 of the government……xvi TABLE A3 Variable discriptions………………………………………………. Table A4 Correlation matrix of dependent and independent variables in efficiency model GRAPH 4.46 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.1 Problem statement Vietnam is a transition economy, changing from a centrally plan economy to market economy, specifically, being introduced the so-called Doi Moi reforms to make its transition in 1986. In July 1995, Vietnam became the seventh member of Association of Southeast Asia Nations. In the early 2000s, Vietnam integrated into the large world of economy rapidly. Moreover, Vietnam has been a member of World Trade Organization in 2006, making more investment opportunities to develop economy. In the overall view related to economy, through assessment of international organizations, Vietnam’s economy has significantly grown. First, according to the evaluation report on the investment environment of the World Bank and International Financial Company, Vietnam’s economy ranked from 91st among 178 economies in 2007 to 93rd among 183 economies in 2009. (General Statistic Office, 2010) In terms of two indices of “loan” and “contract implementation,” they were improved remarkably. More specifically, “loan” index ranked from 43 in 2008 to 30 in 2009, meaning that it improved 13 steps. “Contract implementation” index ranking from 42 in 2008 to 32 in 2009, improving 10 steps. (General Statistic Office, 2010) Furthermore, World Bank assessed that Vietnam had considerably improved both tax area and international trade area. Moreover, Vietnam had many efforts in improving the business environment. Therefore, Vietnam will create a more favourable business environment to develop enterprises and to attract foreign investment in the coming years. Second, according to assessment of United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD), Vietnam has improved many factors in the business environment, and Vietnam was one of the top fifteen countries attracting more foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world. As an illustration, China, The United States, India, Brazil and Russia are five most attractive countries to FDI in the world in the period of 2009 to 2011. Meanwhile, 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Vietnam was one of fifteen countries in attracting FDI in that period, being one of the top six countries attracting investors from Japan and other developing countries in Asia. Finally, although international organization assessed that Vietnam has implemented many policies to improve the business environment in the recent years. However, there are many fields needed reform to enhance the national competitiveness capacity, and to impact positively on the business performance of all enterprises. In the specific view related to enterprise’s development in Vietnam, the number of enterprises increased fast in 2009. According to survey of General Statistic Office in 2010, up to 1 January 2009, non-state-owned enterprises increase rapidly in terms of quality, creating jobs for workers. To illustrate that number of active non-state- owned enterprises was 196779 enterprises, accounting for 95.7% total enterprises, being equal 5.6 times as many as that in 2000. In terms of micro, small, and medium enterprises, the number of firm increase significantly. Although there are many firms established in the recent years, there is the large labor retrenched. Undeniably, in the transition economies and developing countries, the labor retrenchment in enterprises is one of the most important reform programs. In the foreign countries, there are empirical studies related to determinants of labor retrenchment in state-owned enterprises. They found that there is the relationship between firm size, productivity and hiring standards, meaning that firm behavior in which firms choose to hire standard to maximize profit’s impact on labor retrenchment in a firm. (Weiss, 1984) Furthermore, the development of technology affected significantly on the labor retrenchment in firms. A large number of enterprises faced labor surplus after applying modern technologies. Therefore, retrenchment of labor is a very crucial problem of enterprises during the transition process to the market economies, especially in the market economy with competition among firms. (Pinto et al, 1993) According to these reasons, this paper determines which factors impact on the labor retrenchment program in micro, small, and medium enterprises in terms of firm- 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com level, using data set from Vietnamese Small and Medium Enterprises survey in 2009.2 Research objectives and research questions Research objectives The main objective is to investigate determinants of labor retrenchment in Vietnamese Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises1 using the firm-level data in 2009. Research questions This study seeks to address the following questions: Main question Which factors affect labor retrenchment in micro, small, and medium enterprises? Sub-questions Questions related to enterprising performances:  Is there the negative relationship between the degree of labor retrenchment and output?  Is there the negative relationship between the degree of labor retrenchment and training cost?  Is there the positive relationship between the degree of labor retrenchment and wage rate?  Is there the positive relationship between the degree of labor retrenchment and debt? Questions related to technological innovation: 1 Criteria to for a micro, small, and large medium enterprise according to the decree No. 56/2009/NĐ-CP dated 30 June 2009 of the Government is presented in Table 2 in appendix 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com  Is there the positive relationship between the degree of labor retrenchment and technology equipment investment? Questions related to other factors:  Is there the positive relationship between the degree of labor retrenchment and firm age?  Is there the positive relationship between the degree of labor retrenchment and firm size?  Is there the positive relationship between the degree of labor retrenchment and competition? 2.1 Definition Definition needing to be focused is labor retrenchment. According to empirical studies, labor retrenchment is defined as the labor reduction, and the ratio of a labor reduction is defined as number labor reduction in the current period divided by the total labor force of the preceding period. (Hu & Wong, 2004) Another definition, labor retrenchment is defined as labor discharged and the rate of labor discharged, which is computed as the ratio of layoffs to the total employment.2 Theories There are many theories related to labor market. However, in this study just analyzes labor market theory to estimate reasons of labor retrenchment. More specifically, based on labor market theory, it is straightforward to find determinants impacting on labor demand and labor retrenchment. The small part in this section presents empirical studies related to determinants of labor demand. Human capital Human capital is designated as the flow of productive services provided by a worker. (Fine, 1998) It is accumulated through education, training, work experience 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com and how it is used and rewarded. Investing in human capital plays a crucial role in development strategies in enterprises. The many ways to invest include schooling, on- the- job training, medical care, vitamin consumption, and acquiring information about the economic system. (Becker, 1962) Furthermore, according to Becker (1993), he defined human capital as people’s knowledge and abilities, which can be achieved by education and trainings. More investment in human capital may make more profit. In other words, investment in human capital improves the labor productivity. The question of whether investment in human capital is related to labor retrenchment is considered in this study. Labor demand According to theory in microeconomics, the production function in a firm is presented as following: Q = f(L, ͞K) Where Q is the output, L and K are labor inputs and capital, respectively. Capital is fixed in the short-run and not fixed in the long-run. The profit in this case is as follows: π = pQ - wL - r ͞K Where p, w and r are price of output, the exogenous prices of labor and capital services, respectively. The employer is trying to maximize profit. The wage is just only cost of labor to the employer. The labor market is competitive. Based on other theories, in the long-run, the labor demand depends on some determinants such as output, capital, and technology. (Brechling, 1965) The firm’s demand function of labor services can be written as following: Es = f(Q, K, T) Where: Es stands for labor services. 5 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Q stands for output. K is the stock of capital. T is the state of technology. In general, the expectation is that the partial derivatives of this function to have the followings signs: ∂Es ∂Es ∂Es > 0, < 0 and < 0. ∂Q ∂K ∂T It means that labor demand and output in the firm are positive relationship, labor demand and the stock of capital is the negative relationship, labor demand and the state of technology is the negative correlation. According to theory relating to the demand for labor in the long-run of Hamermesh (1986), the theoretical discussion is divided into two parts: part one presents demand for labor in the two-factor case, part two shows in multi-factor case. Assuming that production exhibits constant’s returns to scale, as described by F, as following: Y = F (L, K), Fi >0, Fii <0, Fij >0 (1) Where Y is output, L is labor inputs and K is a capital. A firm that maximizes profit subject to a limit on cost will set the marginal value product of each factor equal to each price. FL – λw = 0 (2a) FK – λr = 0 (2b) w and r are the exogenous price of labor and capital services, respectively. In this case, λ is a Lagrangean multiplier presenting the extra profit generated by relaxing 6 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com the cost constraint. Assuming that price of output is unity.

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