MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY U ỌC TÚ DUYÊN A STUDY OF REITERATION IN THE LATEST IELTS READING PASSAGES Field Study: English Linguistics Code: 8. NGUY N QUANG NGOẠN e BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜ ĐẠI HỌC QU HƠ NGUY N NGỌC TÚ DUYÊN H C U H TRO CÁC BÀ ĐỌC H ỂU E TS MỚ HẤT C M 8.01 S TS U N QUANG NGOẠN e i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that I am the sole author of the MA thesis entitled “A study of reiteration in the latest IELTS Reading Passages”. The thesis contains no material published elsewhere or written by other people except where reference is made in the text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution.
Binh Dinh, 2021 Nguyễn Ngọc Tú Duyên e ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Dr N uy n Qu n N o n w o s v n m lp ul v us ul r r n s and constant encouragement throughout this study. I am greatly indebted to all the lecturers for their valuable teaching that has enlightened my research path. My particular thanks go to my colleagues at Le Quy Don High School and my family for their whole-hearted help and sympathy during my study.
Binh Dinh, 2021 NGUY N NGỌC TÚ DUYÊN e iii ABSTRACT The research focuses on the types of reiteration, and the lexical and syntactical realization of reiteration in the latest IELTS reading passages. Based on the theory of cohesion, 30 IELTS reading passages collected from the latest five IELTS Practice Test books were investigated in the light of Halliday and Hasan’s (2014) framework of cohesion. The findings show that in terms of reiteration, repetition is the most frequently used device in all reading texts to make the reading semantically related. As a result, students will benefit greatly from such lexical cohesion in terms of grasping the meaning of the reading texts, and boosting their reading comprehension and theme-based vocabulary.
Hopefully, this thesis is a preliminary study for further research on applying lexical cohesion in teaching and learning reading comprehension skills, thereby providing grounds for students to find out strategies for answering various question types used in IELTS Reading Passages. e iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF CONVENTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
vii LIST OF TABLES. viii LIST OF FIGURES. ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Aim and objectives.
Aim of the study. Scope of the study. Significance of the study. Definition of terms.
Structure of the thesis. 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND. Review of previous relevant studies. Discourse and cohesion in discourse.
Cohesion and Coherence. Grammatical Cohesive Devices. Lexical Cohesive Devices. 27 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE.
Steps of collecting and analyzing data. Validity and Reliability. 33 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Types of reiteration used in IELTS Reading Passages.
Lexical realizations of reiteration in the latest IELTS reading passages37 4. Verbs and Verb Phrases. Nouns and Noun Phrases. Adjectives and Adjective Phrases.
Lexical realizations of each type of reiteration used in IELTS reading passages. Syntactic Realizations of Reiteration. 62 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS. Summary of the Development of the study.
Summary of the Findings. Summary of the types of reiteration in the chosen IELTS reading passages. Summary of lexical and syntactic realization of reiteration in the chosen IELTS reading passages. Limitations of the Study.
Suggestion for further Research. 72 e vii LIST OF CONVENTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS R Repetition S Synonym or Near Synonym Sup Superordinate G A general word CAM Cambridge e viii LIST OF TABLES N0 Tables Page 1.1 Structure of an IELTS Reading Test 5 3.1 Source and topics of the IELTS reading passages 31 3.2 Framework for the analysis of reiteration types 33 4.1 Syntactic Realizations of Reiteration in the five latest 59 IELTS Reading passages e ix LIST OF FIGURES N0 Figures Page Frequency of types of reiteration in the latest IELTS reading 4.1 34 passages Lexical realizations of reiteration in the latest IELTS reading 4.2 37 passages Proportion of cases of reiteration as Verbs and Verb phrases 4.3 38 in the latest IELTS reading passages Proportion of types of Verbs in the cases of reiteration in the 4.4 40 latest IELTS reading passages Proportion of cases of reiteration as Nouns and Noun 4.5 42 phrases in the latest IELTS reading passages Proportion of types of Nouns in the cases of reiteration in 4.6 44 the latest IELTS reading passages Proportion of cases of reiteration as Adjectives and 4.7 47 Adjective phrases in the latest IELTS reading passages Proportion of types of Adjectives in the cases of reiteration 4.8 50 in the latest IELTS reading passages Percentage of repetition in the latest IELTS reading passages 4.9 classified as Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives in the latest 52 IELTS reading passages Percentage of synonyms and near synonyms in the latest 4.10 IELTS reading passages classified as Verbs, Nouns and 55 Adjectives Percentage of syntactic realizations of reiteration of Nouns 4.11 62 in the latest IELTS reading passages e 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is to present all the preliminaries of the thesis. It starts with the rationale, followed by the aims of the study, research questions, scope of the study, significance of the study, and definition of terms. The last part deals with the structure of the study.
Rationale Together with the great importance of reading competence in academic and occupational contexts, teaching reading comprehension has been always the focus of much concern. Nevertheless, after numerous years of practice in reading, it can be observed that learners of the second language still have difficulty in understanding the texts they read. According to many scholars such as Cook (1989) and Nuttal (1982), this phenomenon is attributed to the failure to interpret the writer’s “cohesive signals” as intended causing readers’ inability to make sense of correctly and properly the functional value of individual sentences in regard to their relationship with other sentences and within the whole reading passage. In the view of Halliday and Hasan (2014) the continuity that cohesive relations bring about is a semantic continuity.
Therefore, it is obvious that cohesive patterns play an important part in the processing of text by a listener or reader. In addition to this, it is vital that our students be helped to identify and understand a variety of kinds of cohesive relations creating the backbones of different types of text. Within the recent decades, there have been a number of studies on cohesion, coherence and EFL reading worldwide showing the indispensable role of cohesion and coherence in facilitating and improving reading comprehension skills. Chapman (1983) finds a relationship between reading ability and the ability to complete e 2 anaphoric relation in a cloze test, and he draws a conclusion that cohesive ties are the main factor of fluent reading and reading comprehension.
It is argued by Mackay (1979) and Cowan (1976) that the recognition of conjunctions and other intersentential linguistic devices makes a major contribution to the information gathering skills of second language readers. As a result, during the process of teaching reading skills, it is advisable that classroom instructions on the cohesive devices of English and their function across sentences and paragraphs should be provided thoroughly. Furthermore, many other researchers such as Cooper (1984), Chung (2000), Degand & Sanders (2002) have also come to the conclusion that all types of textual cohesive conjunctions facilitate and increase the skills of reading comprehension in the same way. Having widened the influence as an international language, English has increasingly developed and become more and more necessary for people wanting to take advantage of opportunities of education, business or immigration to be skillful and competent in English and to have the ability to show this competence by means of results in examinations such as IELTS (International English Language Testing System).
IELTS academic readings are pieces of writing composed for academic purposes, for the study and distribution of knowledge of a particular subject or a field. For decades, a large number of studies on IELTS academic reading texts have been carried out. Dealing with IELTS reading tests, test takers have to use different reading sub-skills and techniques such as skimming and scanning. Moreover, it is necessary for them to use these sub-skills to answer all the questions in one hour.
Therefore, undoubtedly, knowing how to deal with each type of reading tasks, answer the questions and transfer their answers to the answer sheet within the time allowed, especially identifying cases of reiteration in the reading texts plays a vital role. e 3 In order to study IELTS reading successfully and effectively, test takers have to explore the texts properly. In fact, to improve reading comprehension, it is advisable that test takers pay attention to reiteration in the reading passages. Hence, it is important to discover the reiteration employed in IELTS and provide test takers with some essential knowledge about syntactic features and semantic features of reiteration used for IELTS academic reading passages so that they can make effective applications in doing IELTS reading tests.
Apparently, doing research on reiteration in IELTS reading passages seems to be a topic of great concern for both teaching and learning English. In addition, many people have done research on this field; however, they focused on grammatical cohesion (Soraya, 2012), lexical cohesion in reading comprehension (Adel & Saeide, 2013), and lexical cohesive devices in reading texts in T ếng Anh 12 (Bui, 2011). To the best of the researcher’s knowledge, no studies have analyzed reiteration in IELTS reading passages; hence this study is conducted to address this gap. All the above mentioned reasons encourage the author to carry out the research on the topic “A study of Reiteration in the latest IELTS Reading Passages” for my master thesis.
Aim and objectives 1. Aim of the study The study is aimed to identify and analyze types and lexical means of reiteration in IELTS Reading Passages and study the structural realization of reiteration. Objectives The writer has two objectives in this research, as follows: - To identify and analyze the types of reiteration with their frequencies in the latest IELTS Reading Passages. e 4 - To identify and analyze the realization of reiteration in the latest IELTS Reading Passages.
Research Questions The research is conducted to address the following two research questions: - What are the types of reiteration in the latest IELTS Reading Passages? - How are the types of reiteration lexically and syntactically realized in the latest IELTS Reading Passages? 1. Scope of the study The data for this study are confined to 30 Reading Passages of IELTS Reading Texts collected in the latest five IELTS Practice Test books published by Cambridge University Press from IELTS Cambridge 11 to IELTS Cambridge 15 to find out the types of reiteration and focus on the structural realizations of reiteration which are then analyzed and investigated based on Halliday and Hasan’s theory of cohesion. Significance of the study This study is expected to give the dedication to the discourse in general. The writer hopes that this study can broaden the reader’s knowledge about cohesion, especially the types of reiteration in the IELTS reading passages.
Since the reiteration implies the form of a text, understanding on it can help the readers to understand the form and the meaning of text. Besides, the writer also hopes that this study can give a contribution to the Foreign Languages Department at Quy Nhon University and students who are majoring in English Language. Additionally, the study is conducted with the hope to help English language learners improve their reading skills.