MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2019– 2021(2) HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M. THESIS ENGLISH LANGUAGE A STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN “A CHRISTMAS CAROL” BY CHARLES DICKENS (Nghiên cứu phép ẩn dụ được sử dụng trong tác phẩm “Hồn ma đêm Giáng Sinh” của Charles Dickens) VU PHUONG ANH Field: English Language Code: 8.01 VU PHUONG ANH HANOI – 2021 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M. THESIS A STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN “A CHRISTMAS CAROL” BY CHARLES DICKENS (Nghiên cứu phép ẩn dụ được sử dụng trong tác phẩm “Hồn ma đêm Giáng Sinh” của Charles Dickens) VU PHUONG ANH Field: English Language Code: 8. NGUYEN THI VAN DONG HANOI – 2021 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “A STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN A CHRISTMAS CAROL BY CHARLES DICKENS” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language.
Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis. Hanoi, 2021 Vu Phuong Anh Approved by SUPERVISOR Date: …………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has been a long journey for me to finish my thesis. There are also many people who walked along with me to support and motivate me during the time of doing the research. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ms.
Nguyen Thi Van Dong, Ph., my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher. My thanks also go to all my lecturers at Hanoi Open University for their precious knowledge which lay the foundation for this study, my colleagues and many others whose support and encouragement help me to have this thesis accomplished. Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family and friends for their patience, endless love, and devotion. Whatever choices I have made, they have always stood by me and believed in me.
I am immensely thankful for all the assistance they have given to me. ii ABSTRACT This thesis, entitled “A study of metaphors used in “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens, discusses the issue of metaphor in linguistics. Based on studies, metaphors make linguistics, literature more expressive and colorful. The thesis analyzes written work focusing on metaphors that have been produced in the previous century, including both foreign and native research works on linguistics.
The purpose of this analysis is to gain an in-depth understanding of the role metaphor plays and what the metaphor could mean for linguistics. Based on the framework of E. Galperin and Galdi, metaphor in this thesis will be analyzed by part of speech, novelty, structure and presence of departure and arrival terms. Besides using qualitative and quantitative methods to provide accurate statistics and analytical methods to give the most overview of the metaphor.
There are many metaphors in poetry, verses and songs, but to have a novella with metaphors like "A Christmas Carol" by Charles Dickens is undiscovered! Therefore, with the most general theories of metaphor (definition, classification, form) and novella (definition, classification, form), we have an objective view of the necessary information in this thesis. In order to explore the figure of speech in the novella “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens. The formative elements in the work will be analyzed, followed by: Characters and point of view. The thesis will be processed following the checklist of linguistic devices.
Features of metaphor are concerned mostly in chapter 2 and clarified in the usage within chapter 3. Thus, the metaphor in "A Christmas Carol" serves as a foundation for analysis in literature in general and in short fiction in particular, as well as to clarify the nature of some preferable metaphors. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS F&B: Food & Beverage iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1. Metaphors of “A Christmas Carol” in terms of classification 41 Table 2.
The frequency of metaphors in term of novella’s staves 42 Chart 3. According to part of speech 43 Chart 3. According to novelty criterion 44 Chart 3. According to structure 45 Chart 3.
According to the presence of departure and arrival term 46 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Certification of originality i Acknowledgement ii Abstract iii List of abbreviation iv Lists of tables and figures v Table of Contents vi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Aims and objectives 2 1. Methods of the study 3 1.5 Scope of the study 4 1. Significant of the study 4 1.
Structure of the study 4 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 1. Review of previous studies 5 1. Review of previous studies in English 5 1. Review of previous studies in Vietnamese 5 2.1 Figure of speech 7 2.
An overview of classifications of figure of speech 7 2. Common figures of speech and their function 8 2. The major categories 9 2. Definition of metaphor 10 2.
Structures of Metaphor 14 2. Types of Metaphor 16 2. Galdi’s Classification 17 vi 2. Functions and roles of Metaphor 18 2.
The structure of novella 20 2. Genres of the novella 21 2. Biography of Charles Dickens and his novella: A Christmas 23 Carol 2. Summary 24 Chapter 3: METAPHORS USED IN “A CHRISTMAS CAROL” 26 BY CHARLES DICKENS 3.
A study of metaphors used in “A Christmas Carol” 26 3. Metaphors classified according to the part of speech 26 3.2 Metaphors classified according to novelty (I.3 Metaphors classified according to structure (I.4 Metaphors classified according to the presence of departure and 39 arrival terms (E. Findings of Metaphors in “A Christmas Carol” 40 3. According to the part of speech 43 3.
According to novelty criterion (I. According to structure (I. According to the presence of departure and arrival terms 45 (E. Summary 46 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 48 4.
Limitation of the research 50 4. Recommendations and suggestion for further studies 51 vii REFERENCES 53 APPENDIX 56 viii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION I. Introduction It is no exaggeration to say that language, as a communication medium, plays a fundamentally essential role in our human life. Among various linguistic tools, rhetorical devices appear as a colorizing layer for the imagery-richness and the diversity, as well as the subtlety highlighter for sentences in order to deliver messages in a deeper and more sophisticated level.
One of them is metaphor usage, which enhances the evocativeness and vividness for the user's expression. In reality, metaphors are frequently used common practices to convey, explain, and express ideas. However, not everyone has a sufficiently thorough insight on its definition or what is involved in this rhetoric.1 Rationale Learners tend to associate rhetorical techniques including metaphors with their usage and analysis in pure literature, poetry or abstract writings of any kind. Basic metaphors, on the other hand, can be utilized to achieve more logical and creative outcomes in both spoken and written language.
As defined by the Cambridge Dictionary, a metaphor is a common literary expression to describe a person or thing, on the basis of referring to something resembling such subjects. In a traditional sense, a metaphor is an implicit comparison. How far a word's meaning can be extended is determined by the similarity. Metaphor is also a kind of figurative language in which the author equates two apparently unrelated elements and thus elicits their creative connections.
Metaphor usage provides an extra dimension of evocativeness and linguistic creativity to spoken and written English. As a result, learners have a chance to apply metaphorical terms in speaking or writing practices to ensure that they are utilizing them correctly and sensibly. A variety of papers, books, and dissertations on metaphors have been gathered from numerous fields of expertise in both English and Vietnamese. Wiji Lestari's "Metaphors in Green Day's Lyrics" (2017), by approaching the song semantically and incorporating the metaphor based on Lakoff and Johnson’s theory in several stanzas, discusses the metaphors that Green Day used in their song lyrics.
Furthermore, in “Figurative Language” (2014) by Barrbara Dancygier and Eve Sweetser have presented about metaphoric meaning change, explaining the 1 emergence of metaphor, including their motivation through correlations in experience. In addition, “Metaphor - Implication and application” (2018) by Howard R Pollio pointed out the boundaries in humor and metaphor, the explicatory metaphor of the performer may be further expanded to the case of humor, as he said. Besides Leezenberg in her book, “Contexts of Metaphor”, she gave importance to the contribution not only of Western but also non-Western thinkers. Phạm Thị Xuân Rớt, in her 2007 thesis "Tìm hiểu phương thức ẩn dụ trong tiếng Việt (thể hiện qua Ca dao trữ tình, Thơ tình Xuân Diệu và thơ tình Xuân Quỳnh)", gives some attributes that increase literary perception, as well as the ability to examine thoroughly and sensuously written works.
"An Analysis of Metaphors in the Poems of Edgar Allan Poe" (2017) by Ade Puadah also describes ten categories of metaphorical language contained in the literal works mentioned above. Furthermore, different kinds and underlying meanings of metaphorical expressions are revealed thanks to Habib Syarwani’s findings in “Analysis of metaphors in Emily Dickinson's poems” (2017). All of the mentioned work above just discusses the semantic, syntactic metaphor through poems, songs. However, none of the above studies concern classification of figure of speech as metaphor in novella (a kind of short novel).
This is the reason for me to conduct a metaphor analysis of Charles Dickens' genius work "A Christmas Carol". Aims and objectives 1.1 Aims of the study Basing on the interest in studying metaphors, the thesis aims at exploring metaphors used in the novella “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens in order to devote a large space to elaborate on reasons for characteristics of metaphor, working mechanism of metaphor and then proposes suggestions on its application in language learning and teaching with kinds of text related to literary works. Objectives of the study: - To describe the classification of metaphors based on the classification framework of E. Galperin and Galdi used in “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens.
- To investigate the used of metaphors in a certain novella based on the classification framework of E. Galperin and Galdi used in “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens. 2 - To suggest some implications of using metaphors in language learning and teaching for English learners with kinds of text related to literary works. Research questions - What are the classifications of metaphors applied in “A Christmas Carol” based on the framework of E.
Galperin and Galdi? - How metaphors are used in a certain novella as “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens? - What are suggestions of using metaphors in language learning and teaching effectively for English learners with kinds of text related to literary works? 1. Methods of the study With the purpose of finding out how metaphor works in English’s literary work by Charles Dickens, linguistic orientation is based on to provide expected research results. In this study, various methods are used to achieve the objectives such as quantitative method, qualitative method. Each step of the study requires another relevant method.
However, as the aim of the thesis suggests, the method which works best in this study is qualitative, pointing out the classification of metaphor used in Charles Dickens’s work. By using this method, in which English is considered to be the source language, we can illustrate the author’s meaning in the context. The researcher also uses quantitative methods carrying out the surveys to collect the data of metaphor use for better statistical analysis. In the study, the data is investigated on the basis of mentioned content.
The collected data will be processed to investigate some features of metaphor’s meaning and structures. Therefore, after being collected, the selective material of metaphor is sorted out to serve as illustration examples for the analysis of approaching.