Nghiên Cứu Mối Quan Hệ Giữa Quy Mô Chính Phủ và Tăng Trưởng Kinh Tế Dưới Mô Hình Smooth ...

Luận văn thạc sĩ nghiên cứu ueh government size and economic growth under the smoothy transition autoregressivemodel star, khảo sát thực trạng, phân tích nguyên nhân, đề xuất giải

Chuyên ngành

Finance – Banking

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Master Thesis

2015

64
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

DECLARATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Government size and economic growth

1.1. Empirical literature on government size and economic growth

1.2. Studies with a positive relationship found

1.3. Studies with a negative relationship found

1.4. Studies with non-linear relationship found

2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY

2.1. Data descriptions and variable measurements

2.2. Variables’ descriptive statistics

2.3. Unit root tests

2.4. VAR estimation and tests for linearity

2.5. Smooth Transition Autoregressive Model estimation

PREFERENCES APPENDIX

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY DIEU THI HONG LE GOVERNMENT SIZE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH UNDER THE SMOOTH TRANSITION AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL (STAR) MASTER THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY – 2015 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY DIEU THI HONG LE GOVERNMENT SIZE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH UNDER THE SMOOTH TRANSITION AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL (STAR) Major: Finance – Banking Code: 60340201 MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: PROF. NGUYEN KHAC QUOC BAO HO CHI MINH CITY – 2015 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I hereby, declare that this thesis “Government size and economic growth under the Smooth Transition Autoregressive model (STAR)” is my own study. Results discovered in this thesis are honest and reliable and they have not ever been published in any paper before. Author DIEU THI HONG LE LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS SUB-COVER PAGE COMMITMENT TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS TABLE OF TABLES TABLE OF FIGURES ABSTRACT 1. Government size and economic growth . Empirical literature on government size and economic growth . Studies with a positive relationship found . Studies with a negative relationship found . Studies with non-linear relationship found . DATA AND METHODOLOGY . Data descriptions and variable measurements . 33 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Variables’ descriptive statistics . Unit root tests . VAR estimation and tests for linearity . Smooth Transition Autogressive Model estimation . 46 PREFERENCES APPENDIX LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 2SLS Two stages Least Squares ADF Augmented Dickey-Fuller AIC Akaike Information Criterion ESTAR Exponential Smooth Transition Autoregressive GDP Gross Domestic Product GMM Generalized Method of Moments GNP Gross National Product LSTAR Logistic Smooth Transition Autoregressive OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OLS Ordinary Least Squares NPIs Non-profit institutions SBC Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion SNA System of National Accounts STAR Smooth Transition Autoregressive TFP Total Factor Productivity VAR Vector Autoregression LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF TABLES Table 3: Summary of variables.1: Descriptive statistics of variables.2: Summary of unit root tests.3: VAR lag selection based on AIC Table 4.4: Results for VAR estimates.5: Linearity tests and model selection.6: ESTAR model estimated for China (1).7: ESTAR model estimated for China (2). LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: GDP growth (annual %) in three groups of economies over 2001-2014.2: General government total expenditure (% GDP) in three groups of economies over 2001-2014 Figure 1.3: Total expenditure and GDP growth in China (1982-2014).4: Total expenditure and GDP growth in Japan (1980-2014). Figure 2: Relationship between government size and economic growth Figure 4.1: Government size and GDP growth in China (1971-2013) Figure 4.2: Government size and GDP growth in Japan (1971-2013) Figure 4.3: STAR versus Linear model residuals Figure 4.4: The estimated transition function for China LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT In this paper, I examined the relationship between government size, proxied as general government consumption expenditure in GDP and economic growth, measured as real per capita GDP growth under Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR) approach in China (a developing country) and Japan (a developed country) over 1971-2013 period. Results show that Exponential STAR (ESTAR) is better fitted for China. Meanwhile, there is no convergence for Japan, means that this relationship should be explained by an alternative non-linear model. The threshold value of government size for China is found at 14. However, BARS curve is not really supported. Economic growth still is marginally positive when government expenditure exceeds this value. In spite of that, this also implies inefficient use of resources and government should pay more attention on this issue to enhance economic growth. Keywords: economic growth, government size, Smooth Transition Autoregressive, STAR LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. INTRODUCTION Theories of growth have been developed for a long time. Among of those, there are two prominent schools: exogenous and endogenous economic-growth models. Exogenous models (also called neoclassical models) pioneered by Solow (1956) and Swan (1956) assert that long-run growth would be explained by capital accumulation, labor (or population) and technological process which enhance productivity. Some remarkable conclusions of neoclassical models are that all countries would have a convergence in economic growth, developing countries could grow faster than developed countries and only technological innovations bring a steady-state growth. Thus, public spending does not have effects on long- run growth in exogenous models. On the other side, endogenous models developed by Romer (1986), Barro (1990), Rebelo (1991) attempt to seek new motivation for economic growth after almost thirty years of stagnation. They argue that long-run economic growth may be explained by various endogenous variables. Among of them, fiscal policy is a factor which is attractive to many researchers. Government spending has positive impact on growth through not only directly increasing outputs but also indirectly providing productive goods and services which are considered as inputs to private production (Grossman, 1988). In addition, government also establishes a legislative system which helps to protect property rights and provide an investment-friendly climate. However, over-expanding government size would also have an adverse impact on growth (Barro, 1990; Armey, 1995 among others). Distortion of resource allocation, crowding-out effects, tax burdens. dampen private sector‟s incentives, hence affect growth. Statistical data recently shows that economic growth and government expenditure seem to have negative correlation (see Figure 1. While a group of advanced countries has total government expenditure in GDP (2001-2014) of roughly 30-35%, especially in G7 countries, this range is 38-45%, this number in a group of emerging and developing countries fluctuates around 25- LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 2 31%, much lower than groups of advanced economies. However, growth of GDP in advanced countries is lower than in emerging and developing countries by roughly from 2% to 5,5% (calculated by differencing GDP growth in emerging and developing countries and average of GDP growth in G7 and other advanced economies).1: GDP growth (annual %) in three groups of economies over 2001- 2014.00 Source: Collection from Economy Watch LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.2: General government total expenditure (% GDP) in three groups of economies over 2001-2014 50.00 Other Advanced Economies (Excluding 5.00 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: Collection from Economy Watch Statistical evidence seems to support reducing for government size is necessary if developed countries expect higher growth in the future. However, a question raised is that what magnitude government size should be reduced to. Some studies find out that government spending have positive impact to growth (Ram (1986), Grossman (1990), Ghali (1999)). On the other hand, Landau (1983), Guseh (1997), Dar and AmirKhalkhali (2002) among others give evidence that shows a negative relation between growth and government expenditure. Others demonstrate they have non-monotonic nexus. As a result, the relationship between government size and economic growth becomes ambiguous. However, evidence on non-linear relation seems more persuasive: under-expanding or over-expanding government size is not better. Therefore, I support to the views that suggest an existence of optimal value which maximizes economic growth. In terms of methodology, almost authors in former studies use methods which incorporate cross-sectional or panel data in their work. There are few studies which examine non-monotonic relationship with time-series data. One of disadvantages of cross-sectional or panel data is that they do not reflect specific features for each LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 4 country, hence results might become unreliable. In spite of difficulties in reaching time-series data, it has outstanding advantages that help us to have more reliable results. One of ideal tools examining the non-linear relationship between two variables is non-linear Smooth Transition Autoregressive – STAR models. Those models could allow us to detect a non-linear relationship with a smooth adjustment between regimes. Moreover, they could be used to be a multivariate, thus they are appropriate to investigate effects of government size to growth. In addition, they help us to find out the threshold value for government size which is meaningful for policy implications. All issues mentioned above motivated me to do a research, namely “Government size and economic growth under the Smooth Transition Autoregressive model (STAR)”. In this paper, I follow Chiou-Wei et al. (2010) to investigate government size‟s impact on growth. However, there are some points different from their paper. First, instead of concentrating on developing countries, I study on two groups of countries depending on level of economic development for comparison purpose: a developed country and a developing country. Second, the robustness test will be implemented with an alternative proxy for export. Objectives Based on different results of previous studies, this paper mainly focuses on exploring the nature of the relationship between government size and economic growth with a non-linear technique. Next, my objective is to examine whether there are differences in results between a developed country and a developing country, hence I involve China and Japan as subjects. With given objectives described above, there are two main research questions as follows: LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Which model should the relationship between government size (proxied as general government final consumption expenditure in GDP) and economic growth be better explained? A linear or non-linear model (with STAR model implication)? 2. If a non-linear model is selected, what is magnitude of the optimal value for government size for each country? 1. Overall methodology In this paper, a neoclassical production function model is employed. In this model, government expenditure and openness are assumed to affect Total Factor Productivity (TFP). Therefore, economic growth is a function of capital accumulation, government size and openness. Using descriptive statistics helps us have preliminary evaluations for two variables‟ relation. Process to test linear and non-linear relationship and select the appropriate model for each country will be carried out after that. Then I apply proper STAR model to describe the relation between government size and economic growth for each country. I assume that government size is the threshold variable causing the smooth transition between regimes in growth. Based on results obtained, I will estimate parameters‟ values for each explanatory variable and the threshold value for government size. Subjects In this paper, I investigate whether the non-linear relation exists between government size and economic growth on data of two countries: China and Japan. China is a developing country with the largest population in the world. China realized the command economy was no longer proper in expecting higher economic development and living standard for its citizens. Therefore, in 1979, China started to carry out a huge reform, switching to free-market economy. After that, it experienced high economic growth for many years impressively. In 2010, it officially overtook Japan to become the second largest economy (measured by GDP). We cannot reject that government spending is an important contribution to its growth. Particularly, investment in infrastructure has been growing fastest in the LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Fiscal policy seems to have positive effects on growth. Some empirical studies show that government expenditure is an incremental factor to growth (Shinha, 1998), Wagner‟s law does not hold in China (Huang, 2006). Large fiscal multiplier (more than 2) helps China preventing from economic slowdowns. However, government spending also causes inflation and investment booms, then damages growth (Wang and Wen, 2013).3 presents GDP growth and total government expenditure in China from 1982-2014. Government spending tends to extend too much, meanwhile growth tends to reduce. Chinese government is expanding spending, particularly in infrastructure investments in attempting to revive slowing economy. Hence, dispute over government expenditures in China has been raised again.3: Total expenditure and GDP growth in China (1982-2014).

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