Handbook of Environmental Engineering 15 Lawrence K. Wang Chih Ted Yang Editors Modern Water Resources Engineering Tai Lieu Chat Luong Modern Water Resources Engineering For further volumes: http://www.com/series/7645 VOLUME 15 HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Modern Water Resources Engineering Edited by Lawrence K.EE Ex-Dean & Director Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, New York, USA Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA Chih Ted Yang, Ph.WRE Borland Professor of Water Resources Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Editors Lawrence K.EE Ex-Dean & Director Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, New York, USA Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Newtonville, NY, USA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts, USA lenox.com Chih Ted Yang, Ph.WRE Borland Professor of Water Resources Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA ctyang@engr.edu ctyang23@gmail.com ISBN 978-1-62703-594-1 ISBN 978-1-62703-595-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-595-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013955598 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.com) Preface The past 35 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that positive actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms of pollution—air, water, soil, thermal, radioactive, and noise.
Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as an unrealistic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three major questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1) How serious are the environmental pollution and water resources crisis? (2) Is the technology to abate them available? and (3) Do the costs of abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved for environmental protection and water conservation? This book is one of the volumes of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series. The principal intention of this series is to help readers formulate answers to the above three questions.
The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific environmental and water resources problems has been a major contributing factor to the success of environmental engineering, and has accounted in large measure for the establishment of a “methodology of pollution control.” However, the realization of the ever-increasing complexity and interre- lated nature of current environmental problems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement systems be undertaken. Prerequisite to such planning is an under- standing of the performance, potential, and limitations of the various methods of environ- mental protection available for environmental scientists and engineers. In this series of handbooks, we will review at a tutorial level a broad spectrum of engineering systems (processes, operations, and methods) currently being utilized, or of potential utility, for pollution abatement. We believe that the unified interdisciplinary approach presented in these handbooks is a logical step in the evolution of environmental engineering.
Treatment of the various engineering systems presented will show how an engineering formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental principles and theories of chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics. This emphasis on fundamental science recognizes that engineering practice has in recent years become more firmly based on scientific principles rather than on its earlier dependency on empirical accumulation of facts. It is not intended, though, to neglect empiricism where such data lead quickly to the most economic design; certain engineering systems are not readily amenable to fundamental scientific analysis, and in these instances we have resorted to less science in favor of more art and empiricism. Since an environmental engineer must understand science within the context of applications, we first present the development of the scientific basis of a particular subject, followed by exposition of the pertinent design concepts and operations, and detailed explanations of their applications to environmental conservation or protection.
Throughout the series, methods of system analysis, practical design, and calculation are illustrated by numerical examples. v vi Preface These examples clearly demonstrate how organized, analytical reasoning leads to the most direct and clear solutions. Wherever possible, pertinent cost data have been provided. Our treatment of environmental engineering is offered in the belief that the trained engineer should more firmly understand fundamental principles, be more aware of the similarities and/or differences among many of the engineering systems, and exhibit greater flexibility and originality in the definition and innovative solution of environmental system problems.
In short, an environmental engineer should by conviction and practice be more readily adaptable to change and progress. Coverage of the unusually broad field of environmental engineering has demanded an expertise that could be provided only through multiple authorships. Each author (or group of authors) was permitted to employ, within reasonable limits, the customary personal style in organizing and presenting a particular subject area; consequently, it has been difficult to treat all subject materials in a homogeneous manner. Moreover, owing to limitations of space, some of the authors’ favored topics could not be treated in great detail, and many less important topics had to be merely mentioned or commented on briefly.
All authors have provided an excellent list of references at the end of each chapter for the benefit of the interested readers. As each chapter is meant to be self-contained, some mild repetition among the various texts was unavoidable. In each case, all omissions or repetitions are the respon- sibility of the editors and not the individual authors. With the current trend toward metrica- tion, the question of using a consistent system of units has been a problem.
Wherever possible, the authors have used the British system (fps) along with the metric equivalent (mks, cgs, or SIU) or vice versa. The editors sincerely hope that this redundancy of units’ usage will prove to be useful rather than being disruptive to the readers. The goals of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series are: (1) to cover entire environmental fields, including air and noise pollution control, solid waste processing and resource recovery, physicochemical treatment processes, biological treatment processes, biotechnology, biosolids management, flotation technology, membrane technology, desalina- tion technology, water resources, natural control processes, radioactive waste disposal, hazardous waste management, and thermal pollution control; and (2) to employ a multimedia approach to environmental conservation and protection since air, water, soil, and energy are all interrelated. This book is Vol.
15 of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series, which has been designed to serve as a water resources engineering reference book as well as a supplemental textbook. We hope and expect it will prove of equal high value to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, to designers of water resources systems, and to scientists and researchers. The editors welcome comments from readers in all of these categories. It is our hope that the book will not only provide information on water resources engineering, but will also serve as a basis for advanced study or specialized investigation of the theory and analysis of various water resources systems.
This book, Modern Water Resources Engineering, covers topics on principles and appli- cations of hydrology, open channel hydraulics, river ecology, river restoration, sedimentation and sustainable use of reservoirs, sediment transport, river morphology, hydraulic Preface vii engineering, GIS, remote sensing, decision-making process under uncertainty, upland erosion modeling, machine learning method, climate change and its impact on water resources, land application, crop management, watershed protection, wetland for waste disposal, water conservation, living machines, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, aquaculture system management, environmental protection models, and glossary for water resources engineers. The editors are pleased to acknowledge the encouragement and support received from their colleagues and the publisher during the conceptual stages of this endeavor. We wish to thank the contributing authors for their time and effort, and for having patiently borne our reviews and numerous queries and comments. We are very grateful to our respective families for their patience and understanding during some rather trying times.
Wang Newtonville, New York, USA Chih Ted Yang Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Contents Preface. Introduction to Hydrology Jose D. Govindaraju, Michael Anderson, Mazdak Arabi, Félix Francés, Wilson Suarez, Waldo S. Lavado-Casimiro, and Timothy R.
The Hydroclimatic System. Hydroclimatic System Patterns: Atmospheric Patterns. Hydroclimatic System Patterns: Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Patterns. Hydroclimatic System Patterns: Ocean System Patterns.
Interactions Across Scales and Extreme Events. Surface Water Hydrology. Interception and Depression Storage. Evaporation and Evapotranspiration.
Soil Moisture Hydrology. Basic Concepts and Definitions. Soil Moisture Recycling. Variability of Soil Moisture.
Scaling of Soil Moisture. Hydrology of Glaciers. Basic Concepts and Definitions. Glacial and Snow Fusion Methods.
Watershed and River Basin Modeling. Basic Concepts and Definitions. Model Calibration and Testing. Risk and Uncertainty Analyses in Hydrology.
Frequency Analysis of Hydrologic Data. Stochastic Methods in Hydrology and Water Resources. Advances in Hydrologic Data Acquisition and Information Systems. Satellite Precipitation Estimation.
Spaceborne Methods for Estimating Surface Waters: Rivers, Wetlands, and Lakes. Spaceborne Methods for Estimating Soil Moisture, Evaporation, Vegetation, Snow, Glaciers, and Groundwater. Advances in Measuring Large River Systems. Using Dendrohydrology for Extending Hydrologic Data.
Developments in Hydrologic Information Systems. Open-Channel Hydraulics: From Then to Now and Beyond Xiaofeng Liu. Rise of the Computer. Numerical Modeling of Open-Channel Hydraulics.
Review of Numerical Modeling of Open-Channel Flows. One-Dimensional Modeling of Open-Channel Flows. Two-Dimensional Modeling of Open-Channel Flows. Three-Dimensional CFD Modeling of Open-Channel Flows.
Modern and Future Challenges. Revisiting Past Projects. Effects of Climate Variability. Challenges of Natural Open Channels in the Arid Environment.
Discovering and Implementing New Synergies. River Ecology Zhao-Yin Wang and Bao-Zhu Pan. Background Information of Rivers. Spatial Elements of River Ecosystems.
Ecological Functions of Rivers. Ecological Stresses to Rivers. Human-Induced Stresses. Introduction of Exotic Species.
Assessment of River Ecosystems. Metrics of Biodiversity. Habitat Evaluation and Modeling. River Restoration Hyoseop Woo.
Backgrounds and Basic Concepts. Overview of River and Disturbances Affecting River. Overview of River in Terms of Restoration. Overview of Disturbances Affecting Rivers.
River Restoration Planning and Design. River Restoration Planning. River Restoration Design. Restoration Implementation, Monitoring, and Adaptive Management .