VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI HOA THE ROLE OF MANGROVES IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN DONG RUI AND HAI LANG COMMUNES, TIEN YEN DISTRICT, QUANG NINH PROVINCE MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI HOA THE ROLE OF MANGROVES IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN DONG RUI AND HAI LANG COMMUNES, TIEN YEN DISTRICT, QUANG NINH PROVINCE MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr. LUU VIET DUNG Dr. KOTERA AKIHIKO Hanoi, 2021 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published. The use of other research's result and other documents must comply with regulations.
The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis. Author of the thesis Nguyen Thi Hoa ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to Vietnam Japan University and Program Climate change and Development for all the thoughtful guidance. I am extremely grateful to my supervisor Dr.Luu Viet Dung, sub-supervisor Dr.Kotera Akihiko, and other lecturers for their invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during my thesis progress. I want to thank local authorities, local residents of Hai Lang and Dong Rui communes, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province provided information and supported me when I went on to field trip and collected data here.
I would like to thank my friends and my family for all the support you have shown me through the study and research. Thank you very much! TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES. i LIST OF FIGURES .3 Social - Economic Status of Hai Lang and Dong Rui communes .4 Some manifestations of CC in Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes .1 The concept of mangrove ecosystem .2 Impact of CC on mangrove.3 The role of the mangrove ecosystem in response to CC .4 Objectives of the research. DATA COLLECTION AND METHODOLOGIES .1 Data collection method .2 Data analysis method.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Structure and characteristics of mangroves in Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes .2 The role of mangrove forests in the natural system .1 Benefit from maintaining biodiversity and food webs .2 Benefit from carbon storage .3 Benefit from coast protection .3 The role of mangrove forests in the social system .1 Benefit from reducing the impact of CC on the local community .2 Benefit from maintaining people's livelihood .72 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Variation of average temperature in winter, spring, summer, and autumn compared with the baseline period of Quang Ninh .2: Change of precipitation in winter, spring, summer, and autumn compared to the base period of Quang Ninh province .3: Sea level rise scenarios in Mong Cai-Hon Dau .4: The inundation risk due to rising sea levels caused by CC for Quang Ninh province .1: Datatypes use in research .2: Methods used in the research .1: Height and distribution of mangroves communities in Dong Rui commune .2: Total carbon accumulated in the biomass of mangrove trees at Dong Rui Commune.3: Total carbon accumulated in the biomass of mangrove trees at Hai Lang Commune.4: Total carbon accumulated in mangroves Dong Rui Commune .5: Total carbon accumulated in mangroves Hai Lang Commune .6: Forest function of mangroves in Dong Rui commune in 2016 - 2017 .7: Forest function of mangroves in Hai Lang commune in 2016 - 2017 .8: Forest function, sub-class of mangroves in Đồng Rui commune in 2016 and 2017 .9: Forest function, sub-class of mangroves in Hai Lang commune in 2016 and 2017 .10: Number of people participating in occupations in Dong Rui and Hai Lang commune .11: Values of using mangrove forest in Dong Rui commune. 59 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Administrative map of Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes. 3 Figure 1-2: The lowest, highest, and average temperatures of Tien Yen weather station in the period 1990-2020. 5 Figure 1-3: Temperature anomaly (average, max, and min) in Tien Yen weather station in period 1990-2020.
6 Figure 1-4: The highest precipitation and average precipitation of Tien Yen weather station in the period 1990-2020. 7 Figure 1-5: Total precipitation day of Tien Yen weather station in period 1990-2020. 8 Figure 1-6: Precipitation anomaly (max and average) in period 1995-2019. 8 Figure 2-1: Logical framework of the research.
21 Figure 2-2: Observation in the boat. 26 Figure 2-3: Observation of mangrove forest. 27 Figure 2-4: Interview resident. 27 Figure 3-1: Geo-vegetation map of wetland area in Dong Rui, Tien Yen.
30 Figure 3-2: Mangrove ecosystems of Dong Rui and Hai Lang Communes. 31 Figure 3-3: Cormorants includes 28 birds in the mangrove forest of Dong Rui commune. 33 Figure 3-4: Different species of animals in the mangroves (a) crab, (b) sea snail, (c) sea oysters, and (d) mussels. 36 Figure 3-5: Total carbon accumulated in mangroves Dong Rui and Hai Lang Communes.
41 Figure 3-6: Forest function of mangroves in Dong Rui commune. 43 Figure 3-7: Forest function of mangroves in Hai Lang commune. 44 Figure 3-8: Map of forest function in 2017 in a) Dong Rui and b) Hai Lang Communes. 44 Figure 3-9: Map of forest function, sub-class in 2017 in a) Dong Rui and b) Hai Lang Communes.
46 Figure 3-10: Mangroves reduce the impact of erosion in Dong Rui Commune. 46 Figure 3-11: Mangroves reduce the impact of waves in Dong Rui Commune. 46 Figure 3-12: Natural disasters affecting households in Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes. 48 Figure 3-13: The role of mangroves in reducing the impact of the typhoon in Dong Rui.
49 Figure 3-14: The percentage of respondents answering that they know about "CC" in Dong Rui Commune. 50 Figure 3-15: Information channels providing knowledge about CC in Dong Rui Commune. 50 Figure 3-16: The role of mangroves in CC response in Dong Rui. 51 ii Figure 3-17: Duck farming area near the mangrove forest.
53 Figure 3-18: People sell seafood to traders after returning from fishing. 54 Figure 3-19: Some methods of fishing in mangroves a) shovel and b) fishing net. 58 Figure 3-20: Values of using mangrove forest in Dong Rui commune. 60 Figure 3-21: The role of mangrove protection in socio-economic development.
61 Figure 3-22: Mangrove conservation in Dong Rui commune. 62 Figure 3-23: Long Vang beach in Dong Rui mangrove forest, Tien Yen district .1 Introduction Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change (CC). According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2020 of Germanwatch, Vietnam ranked 6th on the global vulnerability scale in 2018 (1999-2018), increasing three ranks than 1998-2017 (VietnamPlus, 2019). Recently, Vietnam's weather has changed more and more erratically.
In particular, phenomena such as droughts, floods, landslides, storms, sea- level rise have complicated developments. Vietnam has 28 coastal provinces with a total length coastline of 3260 km (MOFA, 2020). Therefore, mangroves appear everywhere along the coastal area. The area in Vietnam is more than 200000 hectares.
Vietnam has become one of the countries with the largest mangrove forest area in the world. Some extensive mangroves such as Can Gio mangroves, mangroves in Tam Giang lagoon, Ca Mau mangroves, etc (Binh, 2019). Quang Ninh is located in the North of Vietnam, where have mangrove forest development. In Quang Ninh, the mangroves in Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes, Tien Yen district has the typical characteristics of the mangroves in the North of Viet Nam.
Mangroves include many different types of trees and aquatic species (Climate change, 2019). Especially, mangrove forests provide ecosystem services for human society to respond to CC. Nowadays, extreme weather events and natural disasters are challenging to predict. Therefore, the role of mangroves is becoming more and more important.
Mangroves have an important role in maintaining biodiversity and the food web. Besides, It helps to reduce the impact of CC on communities and develop the economy. Moreover, mangrove forest is one of the largest carbon pools in the world (Donato et al. It helps reduce carbon dioxide, which is the main cause leading to global warming.
Mangrove forest in Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes, Tien Yen district is a specific, sensitive, and highly biologically diverse ecosystem. The area of mangrove forest 1 accounts for a large proportion of the natural area of the two communes. Therefore, the socio-economic activities of the two communes are strongly related to mangroves. However, at present, mangrove forests in these two communes face many challenges in exploitation, use, and management.
Economic and social development activities; The pressure of population growth and the degradation of natural resources, and the pollution environment due to over-exploitation are increasingly threatening the mangroves in this area. Because of the increasing impacts of CC on coastal areas, it is necessary to assess the role of mangroves in CC response. In particular, the mangrove forests in Dong Rui and Hai Lang have a typical ecosystem of Vietnam's northern region. Moreover, Quang Ninh Province is preparing documents to establish Dong Rui Wetland Reserve - Tien Yen District, demonstrating the important role of mangroves in Dong Rui and should be conserved.
Because of the substantial impacts of CC and the vital role of mangroves in Hai Lang and Dong Rui Communes, I chose the topic: "The role of mangroves in response to climate change in Dong Rui and Hai Lang Communes, Tien Yen District, Quang Ninh Province." This study assesses mangrove forests' role in providing ecosystem services for human society to respond to CC. Besides, the study also gives some suggestions to improve the ability of mangroves to respond to CC. The study was carried out in two areas with relatively similar natural and social conditions for comparison and analysis.1 Geographical features This study was conducted in two communes Dong Rui and Hai Lang, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province (Figure 1. These two communes are located in the northeastern region of Vietnam.
Dong Rui commune has a total natural area of 5045.08 ha, located southwest of Tien Yen district, 18 km away from the district center. Dong Rui is a plain commune surrounded by the sea that is a good area for concentrated farming and aquaculture, population development, mangrove planting, 2 etc. In recent years, the commune has built a system of dykes around the commune to limit the influence of natural disasters. Outside the dike are mangroves and some aquaculture areas.
In addition, the commune has a concrete road running from Ba Che bridge connecting with National Highway 18A to the commune center. This is the main route for goods exchange with neighboring districts (Thuyết minh bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất năm 2019 xã Đồng Rui, 2019). Hai Lang is a coastal commune, lowland, located at the gateway of Tien Yen district, characterized by mountainous coastal terrain. The total natural land area is 8183 ha.
The commune has a diverse geography, including mountains, hills, midland plains, aquaculture areas within the dike, intertidal areas - rivers and canals outside the dike (Điều kiện tự nhiên xã Hải Lạng, 2019). Figure 0-1: Administrative map of Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes 1.2 Climate features Dong Rui and Hai Lang are located in the humid tropical climate typical of eastern Quang Ninh province. The annual average temperature is 22.4oC, the winter is cold and dry for many days with frost, and the weather is sometimes below 4oC. Rain usually focuses from June to September with thunderstorms.
Drizzly rain occurs from December to April, focusing on February. Summer often has thunderstorms, 3 storms, and cyclones with a frequency of about 3-4 storms per year. The annual rainfall average is 2427 mm, drizzly and often foggy in winter (Nga, 2011).