VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POSTGRADUATE DEPARTMENT LÊ THỊ PHƢƠNG MAI AN INVESTIGATION INTO PHUONG DONG PRE- INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH STUDENTS’ PROBLEM OF SPEECH INCOMPREHENSIBILITY CAUSED BY IMPROPER TONE UNIT SEGMENTING Tìm hiểu lối diễn đạt khó hiểu do phân chia đoạn phát âm không hợp lí của sinh viên tiếng Anh trình độ tiền trung cấp ở trƣờng Đại Học Phƣơng Đông MA Minor Thesis Field: English Methodology Code: 60.10 HANOI- 2009 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POSTGRADUATE DEPARTMENT LÊ THỊ PHƢƠNG MAI AN INVESTIGATION INTO PHUONG DONG PRE- INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH STUDENTS’ PROBLEM OF SPEECH INCOMPREHENSIBILITY CAUSED BY IMPROPER TONE UNIT SEGMENTING Tìm hiểu lối diễn đạt khó hiểu do phân chia đoạn phát âm không hợp lí của sinh viên tiếng Anh trình độ tiền trung cấp ở trƣờng Đại Học Phƣơng Đông MA Minor Thesis Field: English Methodology Code: 60.10 Supervisor: Nguyễn Bách Thảo, MA LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION…………………………………………………………. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………… iv LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES……………………………………….vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………….viii PART A: INTRODUCTION…. Aims of the study……………………………………………………………. Scope of the study…………………………………………………………… 2 IV.
Methods of the study………………………………………………………… 3 V. Design of the study…………………………………………………………. Definition of tone unit………………………………………….4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Different terms denoting a tone unit……………………….
Concept of tone unit and its phonological components…………………. Grammatical and Contextual characteristics of tone unit………………. Kinds of tone units…. Communicative function of tone units………………………………………11 I.
Non-native learners’ problems with tone unit segmentation……………. THE STUDY……………………………………………………………… 14 Chapter 1: Investigating students’ problem of speech incomprehensibility in relation to improper tone unit segmenting……………. 15 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY…………………………………. 15 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE……………………….16 Transcription and peer-evaluation of oral presentations……………… 16 Questionnaires and interviews…………………………….
17 Identifying the relation between students’ incomprehensible speech and their improper tone unit segmenting……………………………………… 17 Findings from oral tests, peer-evaluation and transcripts of students’ conversations and talks…………………………………………….……17 Findings from the first part of the questionnaires and interviews ….19 Seeking causes of the students’ problem of improper tone unit segmentation………………………….…………………………………… 22 Findings of teachers’ observation……………………………….…… 22 Findings of the second part of the questionnaires and interviews……… 23 DISCUSSION OF THE DATA…………………………………………. 28 Chapter 2: Suggested solutions to the targeted students’ problem of improper tone unit segmentation………………………………………. Enhancing teachers’ knowledge and awareness of tone unit segmenting………………………………………………………………. Adjusting the teaching and learning procedure………….
Improving students’ level of proficiency and self-reliance……………31 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Taking advantage of speaking tasks for training tone unit segmentation…………………………………………………………. Perceiving native speakers’ ways of segmenting tone unit using tape scripts……………………………………………………………. Providing students with knowledge of intonational principles of tone units adopting awareness-raising approach………………………… 35 2.
Using peer and group-correction facilitated by visual aids………… 36 2. Adjusting the teaching curriculum and the materials…………………37 2. Improving the teaching curriculum……………………………………37 2. Supplying more materials…………………………………………….
I Questionnaire for students……………………………………………………………. V Questionnaire for teachers…………………………………………………………. VII Peer-check evaluation sheet…………………………………………………………. X LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES Chart 1: Difficulties the audiences had in understanding the speaker Chart 2: Listeners’ misunderstanding partners’ speech by frequency Chart 3: Teachers’ judgment on the audiences’ understanding of speakers’ speech Chart 4: Knowledge of intonation vs.
pronunciation Chart 5: Places of students’ pauses Chart 6: Formal instruction on tone unit segmentation given previously Chart 7: Effectiveness of teachers’ lessons on tone units Table 1: Possible reasons of incomprehensible speech on the speaker’s part Table 2: Ways students did to make a good speech Table 3: Ways of improving speech’s comprehensibility LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Taking advantage of speaking tasks for training tone unit segmentation…………………………………………………………. Perceiving native speakers’ ways of segmenting tone unit using tape scripts……………………………………………………………. Providing students with knowledge of intonational principles of tone units adopting awareness-raising approach………………………… 35 2.
Using peer and group-correction facilitated by visual aids………… 36 2. Adjusting the teaching curriculum and the materials…………………37 2. Improving the teaching curriculum……………………………………37 2. Supplying more materials…………………………………………….
I Questionnaire for students……………………………………………………………. V Questionnaire for teachers…………………………………………………………. VII Peer-check evaluation sheet…………………………………………………………. X LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES Chart 1: Difficulties the audiences had in understanding the speaker Chart 2: Listeners’ misunderstanding partners’ speech by frequency Chart 3: Teachers’ judgment on the audiences’ understanding of speakers’ speech Chart 4: Knowledge of intonation vs.
pronunciation Chart 5: Places of students’ pauses Chart 6: Formal instruction on tone unit segmentation given previously Chart 7: Effectiveness of teachers’ lessons on tone units Table 1: Possible reasons of incomprehensible speech on the speaker’s part Table 2: Ways students did to make a good speech Table 3: Ways of improving speech’s comprehensibility LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Table 4: Reasons for problems of improper tone unit segmenting Table 5: Reasons for teachers’ failure in teaching tone unit segmentation LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EFL: English as a foreign language MA. Master of Arts LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION I. Rationale Nowadays English is so popular that it becomes a prerequisite means of regional and international communication. Most of these interactions, which play as a stimulus for global socio-economic relations and knowledge perception, are carried out orally.
Therefore, spoken English language as well as the comprehensibility of speech is of ultimate importance. In deed, as LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com stated by Richards, J. (2006): “The worldwide demand for English has created an enormous demand for quality language teaching and language teaching materials and resources. Learners set themselves demanding goals.
They want to be able to master English to a high level of accuracy and fluency”. However, when mastering English, a lot of learners have difficulty in delivering comprehensible speech because of their problems with tone unit segmenting. In spite of the fact that constant effort has been exhorted to renovate methods of teaching and learning English intonation to the non-native, the achieved pedagogical measures are not practical and specific enough to be utilized in all non-native environments. This hardship has not only been experienced by Vietnamese learners but also by non-native speakers from other countries such as China, Korea, Singapore, Spain… ( Hewings 1995; Goh 2001, Pickering 2001, Tao 2007).
Over decades, researchers on English intonation of the non-native focused on contrastive analysis between native and non-native‟s preference of tone unit boundary, proposed the concepts of tone unit and discussed its role in communication with a light weight on feasible strategies to deal with the matter. Despite the fact that various studies on non-native problems of tone unit segmenting are detected, Vietnamese researches about such important issue are hardly found. As the case in a number of Vietnam universities, many students of English major at Phuong Dong University have troubles in dividing tone units in conversations, oral presentations, reports and even in reading aloud activity. Recently, I have been in charge of two groups of pre- intermediate students in their second year and I have found that they have great difficulty in tone unit segmentation and often fail to make themselves understood, especially in natural speech.
Nonetheless, teachers as well as students do not realize the fundamental reasons for the situation. They generally blame it on learners‟ low level of proficiency. As a result, the same circumstance remains with the students in the coming terms when they‟re required to make longer and more eloquent speech. Hence, it is time for Vietnamese teachers of English to concern about this significant aspect to work out suitable solutions to the learners‟ problems in tone unit dividing.
Aims of the study As a matter of fact, the objective of teaching English in the global era is not all about traditional English grammar. Educators now focus much on comprehensibility in social communication. In addition, the communicative and discourse function of intonation has been remarkably highlighted (Celce-Murcia 1996; Jenkins 2004; Brazil 1985, 1997; Roach 2000, ext from Tao 2007). Therefore, the segmentation of intonation units, one of crucial factors deciding LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com the meaning of speech, turns out to be quite necessary in learning and teaching English.
Thus, I determine to investigate into my students‟ problem of improper tone unit segmenting and aim at working out some basic solutions to the problem. Hence, this thesis is not only useful to my own Vietnamese students but also to whoever meet the same problems and share similar concern. Scope of the study As stated before, the research mainly concentrates on improper intonation unit segmentation problem, leading to speech incomprehensibility of pre-intermediate English majored students at Phuong Dong University. Regarding the markers of tone unit segmenting, the study narrows down to pausing since it is linear and the most popular in the talk of the students.
Methods of the study With regard to the methodology, in the process of data collection, I used some instruments namely oral tests (conversations and reading aloud), questionnaires, interviews, observation of students‟ oral presentations, recording and note-taking. Therefore, I mainly used qualitative method for data analysis and this is a survey research along with error analysis as I worked on the issues basing on the findings from questionnaires as well as interviews of six teachers and three groups of students (categorized according to level of proficiency) in two classes of 40 students, combining with the results of the observation, peer-evaluation and transcriptions. Finally, from these particular data, I will work out the causes of difficulties and mistakes of Vietnamese students in tone unit segmenting and come up with relevant implications. Design of the study As for the design, the study comprises of three main parts: First, the introduction clarifies the rationale, the aims, the scope, the method and the design of the study.
Second, the development includes two sections. Section I reviews the previous studies on key concepts and theoretical background of tone units, tone unit segmentation of the non-natives and claims two research questions. Section II is the study, the first chapter of which presents the results of the survey, observation and transcripts as well as the discussion of the findings. The second chapter proposes some basic solutions to the problems caused by LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com improper tone unit segmenting encountered by Phuong Dong pre-intermediate English learners.
Finally, the last part of the paper is the conclusion containing the summary of main arguments, the conclusion, the limitation of the study and some suggestions for further research. LITERATURE REVIEW In this part, I am going to mention the definition of tone unit; its components, characteristics and function in communication. The research, therefore, will present a variety of views on tone unit‟s boundary and types of tone units in spontaneous speech. Furthermore, tone unit choice is also driven by the interactive context which demands the involvement of discourse intonation and communicative function of tone units.
Last but not least, the rest of the section will review important grounding materials of some common tone unit segmenting problems experienced by non-native speakers. Definition of tone unit I. Different terms denoting a tone unit There are many names which are synonymous with the term „tone unit‟. Before actually defining the concept „tone unit‟, it might be useful to identify this prosodic stretch by mentioning the identical terms adopted by different experts following various approaches.
It has long been recognized that spoken language organizes itself in segments of speech. This segmented stretch mainly relates to tone or intonation, and has therefore been termed „tone group‟, „intonation group‟, „tone unit‟, „intonation(al) phrase‟, intonation unit‟, or the like.g Beckman & Pierrehumbert 1986; Halliday 1989; Selkirk 1984; Chafe 1994; Cruttenden 1997; Brazil 1997; Hirst & Di Cristo 1998; Halliday 2004). Whatever terms or approach is taken, it seems that there is a wide consensus that the intonation unit encapsulates a functional, coherent segmental unit, be it syntactic, semantic and informational. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com In deed, in natural speech, utterances are produced in chunks.
This chunk has been identified variously as „tone unit‟, „breath group‟, „intonation group‟ and „intonation unit‟.