VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE - TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DRESDEN --------------------------------- ® Bui Dieu Linh ESTABLISH AN ANAEROBIC BATCH SYSTEM BY USING GUIDELINE VDI 4630 AND DETERMINE THE BIOGAS YIELD OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES IN FOOD PROCESSING VILLAGES MASTER THESIS Hanoi - 2011 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE - TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DRESDEN --------------------------------- ® Bui Dieu Linh ESTABLISH AN ANAEROBIC BATCH SYSTEM BY USING GUIDELINE VDI 4630 AND DETERMINE THE BIOGAS YIELD OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES IN FOOD PROCESSING VILLAGES Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment Code: MASTER THESIS SUPERVISORS: ASSOC. NGUYEN THI DIEM TRANG PROF. PETER WERNER Hanoi - 2011 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Topic Establish an anaerobic batch system by using guideline VDI 4630 and determine the biogas yield of different substrates in food processing villages Task The first task is to establish an anaerobic batch system in Environmental Chemistry laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Natural Sciences, Hanoi National University by using German guideline - VDI 4630. With this system, different inocula from various sources around Hanoi will be assessed their quality to choose the good one for next experiments with substrates.
Reference substrate is sodium acetate. Substrates as wastes (cassava residues, rice residues, water hyacinth, pig manure) in Dai Lam village - a craft village of wine production and pig breeding will be sampled, prepared and fermented in free-oxygen environment. The processing parameters are biogas production, biogas composition (CH4 and CO2), pH - value, TS (total solids), VS (volatile solids), COD (chemical oxygen demand). The biogas yield (per amount of substrate, per VS of inoculum, per COD of substrate) and the degradability of different substrates will be evaluated.
Objective The aim of this thesis is from learning the methods of guideline VDI 4630 to establish in practice an anaerobic batch system in the conditions of a Vietnamese laboratory. Then it is to control this system to investigate the quality of inocula, the fermentability/ the biogas potential/ the specific biogas activity of different organic wastes from food processing and livestock of a Vietnamese craft village. It is also close tied to the one objective of education and technology transfer of INHAND project (project funded by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research of Germany - BMBF; with the project coordinator Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment, Dresden University of Technology) about Integrated management of water, wastewater, waste and energy in craft villages in Vietnam. I LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Contents Contents Contents.
IV List of figures. V List of tables. Basics of Anaerobic Digestion………………………………………. The four stages of decomposition………………………………… 4 2.
Influence Factors of Digestion……………………………………. Biogas potential of different substrates…………………………… 13 2. End products of fermentation…………………………………………. Materials and methods…………………………………………………… 17 3.
VDI survey about batchtests for biogas yield determination…………. Scope and purpose of Fermentation batchtests…………………… 17 3. Methods of VDI 4630 in detecting the biogas yield……………… 17 3. Method of VDI 4630 in approaching the batchtests……………….
Determination of parameters: TS, VS, COD, and CH4 and CO2 II LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Contents content in biogas…………………………………………………. Test condition and batch apparatus………………………………. Method to calculate the biogas production, the biogas yield, the biogas composition, the degree of degradation…………………… 37 4. Evaluation and discussion of the batch experiments………………….
Activity potential of different inocula………………………………… 41 4. Biogas production and biogas composition of different substrates…. Biogas yield of trial 6 with inoculum 5………………………. Biogas yield of trial 7 with inoculum 5……………………….
Biogas yield review of different substrates with inoculum 5…. Biogas yield review of different substrates with inoculum 6…. Comparison of biogas yields with theory and literature…………. Residue of biogas production………………………………………….
Degree of degradation of volatile solids…………………………. Degree of degradation of total solids……………………………. Degree of degradation of COD total……………………………… 71 4. 83 Annex- Data records.
I Statement under oath. XI III LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Abbreviations Abbreviations abs absolute B Blank sample C/ CR Cassava residues sample COD Chemical oxygen demand Inoc. Inoculum lN standard liter, volume under normal condition mlN standard milliliter, volume under normal condition P/ PM Pig manure sample R Reference sample RR Rice residues sample SA Sodium acetate SLR Sludge loading rate or sludge loading ratio TS Total solids VS Volatile solids W/ WH Water hyacinth sample IV LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List of Figures List of Figures Figure 2-1: Four stages of anaerobic degradation (WEILAND, 2003). 4 Figure 3-1: Test apparatus according to DIN EN ISO 11734: Gas volume measurement with a gas pressure measurement instrument (VDI 4630).
18 Figure 3-2: Gas volume measurement with a gas pressure measurement instrument (S. 18 Figure 3-3: Map showing position of Dai Lam village…………………. 21 Figure 3-4: Water hyacinth at main sewer…. 21 Figure 3-5: Rice residues and cassava residues sampling at households….
22 Figure 3-6: Pig manure at a small swine farm of a household. 22 Figure 3-7: Homogenizing cassava residues by blender…………………… 23 Figure 3-8: Homogenizing water hyacinth by blender……………………. 24 Figure 3-9: Filling the bottles by weighing method………………………. 30 Figure 3-10: Closing bottles with silicone stoppers.
31 Figure 3-11: Creating the vacuum inside the bottles. 31 Figure 3-12: Lovibond conditioning cabinet. 32 Figure 3-13: K2000 Pressure table - EXTECH manometer 407910. 33 Figure 3-15: MEMMERT drying cabinet.
33 Figure 3-16: TDW muffle furnace. 33 V LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List of Figures Figure 3-17: Lovibond ET 108 and MERK spectroquant TR320 block digesters. 31 Figure 3-18: PI 722N instrument in measuring COD. 34 Figure 3-19: Gas chromatograph Shimadzu GC-2010.
34 Figure 4-1: Biogas yield without blank on different inocula [mlN Biogas/ g COD sodium acetate]. 44 Figure 4-2: Biogas yield with blank on different inocula [mlN Biogas/ g COD sodium acetate]. 45 Figure 4-3: Biogas yield with blank on inoculum 5 of trial 6 [mlN Biogas/ g VS Inoculum]. 48 Figure 4-4: Biogas yield without blank on inoculum 5 of trial 6 [mlN Biogas/ g COD substrate].
49 Figure 4-5: Biogas yield with blank on inoculum 5 of trial 7 [mlN Biogas/ g VS Inoculum]. 52 Figure 4-6: Biogas yield without blank on inoculum 5 of trial 7 [mlN Biogas/ g COD substrate]. 52 Figure 4-7: Biogas yield with blank on inoculum 5 of trial 6-7 [mlN Biogas/ g VS Inoculum]. 54 Figure 4-8: Biogas yield without blank on inoculum 5 of trial 6-7 [mlN Biogas/ g COD substrate].
55 Figure 4-9: Biogas yield with blank on inoculum 6 of trial 9 [mlN Biogas/ g VS Inoculum]. 58 Figure 4-10: Biogas yield with blank on inoculum 6 of trial 9 [mlN Biogas/ g COD substrate]. 59 Figure 4-11: The corrected biogas composition of different samples. 65 VI LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List of Tables List of Tables Table 2-1: Average composition of biogas (FNR, 2005).
6 Table 2-2: Factors influencing the anaerobic degradation (WEILAND, 2001) modified. 8 Table 2-3: Micro-nutrients for the anaerobic degradation. 10 Table 2-4: Inhibitory concentrations of various elements (WESSELAK, 2009) 11 Table 2-5: Inhibitory concentrations of various heavy metals (WESSELAK, 2009). 12 Table 2-6: Biogas composition and yield of different groups of substances (Biogas Guide 2006).
13 Table 2-7: Properties of renewable resources (FNR, 2005). 14 Table 3-1: Description about sources of six inocula. 20 Table 3-2: Description of the batchtests for investigating the quality of six inoculums. 36 Table 3-3: Description of the batchtests for investigating the biogas potential of different substrates.
37 Table 4-1: Description of the experimental approach and parameters in trials investigating quality of six inocula. 42 Table 4-2: Summary of biogas yield without blank and SLR on different inocula. 46 Table 4-3: Description of the experimental approach and parameters in trial 6 47 Table 4-4: Summary of biogas yield and SLR of trial 6. 49 Table 4-5: Description of the experimental approach and parameters in trial 7 51 VII LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List of Tables Table 4-6: Summary of biogas yield and SLR of trial 7.
53 Table 4-7: Description of the experimental approach and parameters in trial 9 56 Table 4-8. Summary of biogas yield and SLR of trial 9. 60 Table 4-9: Comparison of biogas yields with theory. 62 Table 4-10: Comparison biogas yields of water hyacinth samples with literature.
63 Table 4-11: Biogas composition of different samples in trials 6, 7, 9. 64 Table 4-12: Volatile solids of different samples. 66 Table 4-13: Degree of degradation of volatile solids. 68 Table 4-14: Total solids content of different samples.
69 Table 4-15: Degree of degradation of total solids. 70 Table 4-16: Chemical oxygen demand of different samples. 72 Table 4-17: Degree of degradation of COD. 73 Table 4-18: Degree of degradation of COD.
75 Table 4-19: Degree of degradation of COD. 76 VIII LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Special thanks I would like to say to my supervisor Prof. Nguyen Thi Diem Trang for giving me the opportunity to make this thesis at Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science in the Double-Degree-Program between the Hanoi National University and the Dresden University of Technology. Many thanks also to my German supervisor Prof.
Special thanks also to Msc. Tran Thi Nguyet (from Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment, Dresden University of Technology) and Dipl. Sebastian Meier (from Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management, Leibniz University Hannover) – team members of INHAND project who enthusiastically supervised me during the course of this thesis. Thanks to the help in inocula collecting of Prof.
Nguyen Viet Anh, from the Centre for Environmental Engineering of Towns and Industrial areas (CEETIA), Hanoi University of Civil Engineering and the help in gas composition analysis of Mr. Thai Ha Vinh, from Monitoring and Environmental Analysis Department, Monitoring and Analysis of Working Environment Station, National Institute of Labor Protection. Thanks also to the help in sample preparation of the staff (Mrs. Nguyen Thi Diem Huong, etc) in the laboratory of Monitoring Centre for Natural Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh province.
Thanks to the students of the Environmental Chemistry laboratory (Thang, Cham, Thao, Lan, etc) for their friendship with me during the experimental period time. Special thanks also to my family members for their great support in all the time of this master course! IX LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Introduction In view of the challenges in the global and regional energy markets and facing the needs for global climate protection as well as the increasing efforts in developing rural areas, the utilization of renewable energies has to be advanced. In this context, the usage of biogas plays an exceptional role as it is a highly flexible fuel with respect to a wide range of input substrates.
Biogas also offers various options in providing and using energy on a local, regional and global scale. Vietnam is no exception to the trend biogas applications to replace fossil energy. Biogas production has been studied and applied long in Vietnam, but until 2003, it became the real attention when the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development collaborated with the Netherlands Development Organization to build renewable energy project, the “Support Project to the Biogas Program for the Animal Husbandry Sector in Some Provinces of Vietnam. By the end of 2008, the project has supported construction of over 56,000 household biogas plants, provided training for 500 provincial and district technicians, 700 biogas mason teams, and organized thousands of promotion workshops and trainings for biogas users.
Up to now, the project has become a national program “Biogas program for the Animal Husbandry Sector of Vietnam” that supports the implementation of household biogas digesters throughout Vietnam. By the end of 2012, the team aims to complete 164,000 biogas plants (including large plants) in 58 provinces throughout Vietnam and gain 1.5-3 tradable emission rights per year per digester(1).