1 HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITAT DRESDEN PHAM THI BICH NGOC INVESTIGATION OF A LYSIMETER USING THE SIMULATION TOOL SiWaPro DSS AND ADAPTATION OF THIS PROGRAM TO VIETNAMESE REQUIREMENTS MASTER THESIS Tutor: Prof. habil Peter Wolfgang Graeber Dipl. Rene Blankenburg Technical University Dresden Institute of Waste Management and Contaiminated Site Treatment HANOI – VIETNAM, DECEMBER 2008 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 2 TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN INSTITUTE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CONTAMINATED SITE TREATMENT Master Thesis Pollutant mixtures: Investigation of resulting changes in the single compounds water solubility Supervisor: Dipl. Jens Fahl TU Dresden, Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment Hanoi, 2008.
TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 3 Acknowledgment First of all, I would like to express my thankfulness for Jens Fahl, my supervisor for your knowledge and enthusiasm. Without your encouragement and advice I can not complete this work. I also gratefully acknowledge Dr. Axel Fischer for all you have done for me.
Special thanks for Marene, you are very kind and patient for me. Thanks for Stefan, Claudia, I'm very grateful for your support. I would like to thank Prof. Nguyen Thi Diem Trang and Assc.
Bui Duy Cam for great effort to establish and develop this program. I also would like express my gratitude to the following organizations for supporting me throughout the course - The Committee on Overseas Training Project- Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam - Hanoi University of Science - Vietnam National University - Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment – TU Dresden - German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Warmly thanks to Mai, Christian, Hai Minh for your help. Thanks to all my colleagues who shared a good time with me. Finally, thanks to my family, my parent, my mother in law, my husband and my little son who always along with me, encourage and share difficulties and pleasure as well.
Hanoi, 10th December, 2008. Vu Huyen Phuong TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 4 Table of contents Acknowledgment. 3 Table of contents. 6 Figures and pictures .1 Some important definition related to solubility .2 Factors influencing solubility .3 Salting out effect .3 Estimation of solubility.
21 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .1 Ethylbenzene and Toluene .2 Anthracene and Naphthalene .4 Assessment of experimental data. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. Water solubility of studied organic compounds in pure form. Solubility of Ethylbenzene in water.
Solubility of Phenol in water. Solubility of Anthracene and Naphthalene in water. Water solubility of studied organic compound mixtures. Mixture of Ethylbenzene and Toluene.
Mixture of Ethylbenzene and Phenol. Ethylbenzene – Anthracene – Naphthalene Mixture. Ethylbenzene – Toluene - Anthracene – Naphthalene Mixture. 61 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.
Phenol - Tetradecane Mixture; Naphthalene – Tetradecane Mixture and Special Mixture. Statement under oath. 72 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 6 Abbreviations HOC: Hydrophobic Organic Chemical PMOS: Partially Miscible Organic Solvent. IUPAC: International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry VOC: Volatile Organic Compound PAH: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon UNIFAC: Universal Quasi Chemical Functional Group Activity Coefficient BTEX: Benzene – Toluene – Ethylbenzene – Xylene GC: Gas Chromatograph HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatograph TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 7 Figures and pictures Figure 1: Ranges in water solubility of some organic compound classes 10 Figure 2: Water solubility as a function of temperature 18 Figure 3: Experimental and predicted value for mixture ethanol – 25 cyclohexane Figure 4: Ethylbenzene concentrations in aqueous phase of three time 42 sampling Figure 5: Anthracene concentrations in aqueous phase of two time 43 sampling Figure 6: Comparison of water solubility of Ethylbenzene in different 47 temperature Figure 7: Comparison of water solubility of Toluene in different 50 temperature Figure 8: Comparison of water solubility of Phenol in different 51 temperature Figure 9: Solubility of Anthracene in water of selected data 53 Picture 1: Glass vial 20ml with special silicone septum 29 Picture 2: Glass vessel 100ml with special rubber cap 29 Picture 3: Glass vessel 500ml with special rubber cap 30 Picture 4: Samples is kept at 20oC 31 Picture 5: Store samples in room 5oC 32 Picture 6: Store samples in room 10oC 32 Picture 7: Taking sample by microliter syringe 50μl 32 Picture 8: Taking sample by syringe 2ml 32 Picture 9: Preparation sample for GC/headspace 36 Picture 10: Preparation sample for HPLC 36 Picture 11: GC/headspace 36 Picture 12: GC System 36 Picture 13: Spectrometer 36 Picture 14: HPLC System 36 Picture 15: Experiment to determine stirring needed or not to get 41 maximum solubility TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 8 Tables Table 1: Chemical/physical properties of selected substances in this work 12 Table 2: Difference of solubility in different temperature 19 Table 3: Effect of pressure on the solubility of Xylene 19 Table 4: Purity of studied substances 28 Table 5: Concentration of Ethylbenzene and Anthracene at different times 39 Table 6: Ethylbenzene concentrations (mg/l) in stirring and non-stirring condition 41 Table 7: Anthracene concentrations (μg/l) in stirring and non-stirring condition 41 Table 8: Solubility of Ethylbenzene at different temperature (mg/l) 46 Table 9: Comparison of experimental data and literature data of Ethylbenzene 46 Table 10: Solubility of Toluene at different temperature (mg/l) 48 Table 11: Comparison of experimental data and literature data of Toluene 48 Table 12: Solubility of Phenol at different temperature (mg/l) 50 Table 13: Average value of phenol solubility in water 51 Table 14: Solubility of Naphthalene and Anthracene at 20oC 52 o Table 15: Comparison of experimental data and literature data of Antharacene at 20 C 52 Table 14: Comparison between experimental data and literature data of Naphthalene at 54 20oC Table 15: Aqueous concentration of Ethylbenzene and Toluene in their mixture at 56 20oC Table 16: Aqueous concentration of Ethylbenzene and Toluene in their mixture at 5oC 57 Table 17: Comparison of experimental and calculated solubility of Ethylbezene and 58 Toluene at 20oC Table 18: Aqueous concentration of Ethylbenzene and Phenol in their mixture at 20oC 59 Table 19: Aqueous concentration of Ethylbenzene and Phenol in their mixture at 5oC 59 Table 20: Aqueous concentration of Ethylbenzene – Anthracene – Naphthalene in the 60 o mixture at 20 C Table 21: Aqueous concentration of Ethylbenzene – Anthracene – Naphthalene in the 60 mixture at 5oC TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 9 Table 22: Accuracy of experimental values for components in the mixture 61 Ethylbenzene – Anthracene – Naphthalene Table 23: Aqueous concentration of Ethylbenzene – Toluene - Anthracene – 62 o Naphthalene in the mixture at 20 C Table 24: Aqueous concentration of Ethylbenzene – Toluene - Anthracene – 62 Naphthalene in the mixture at 5oC Table 25: Accuracy of experimental values of component of mixture Ethylbenzene – 63 Anthracene – Naphthalene Table 26: Comparison of experimental and calculated solubility of each component in 63 o mixture Ethylbenzene – Toluene - Anthracene – Naphthalene at 5 C Table 27: Aqueous concentration of components of the mixture Phenol - Tetradecane 65 and Naphthalene and Tetradecane at 20oC Table 28: Aqueous concentration of components in Special Mixture at 5oC and 20oC 65 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 10 Summary The study of water solubility of contaminants has become important in the practice of contaminated site management, assessment and remediation.
At the contaminated site it is not often found only one contaminant, many other substances can mix each other to form a contaminant mixture. In fact, in one field site we have a product phase which contaminated the soil. This phase consist of mineral oil, BTEX-compounds, PAH-compounds and phenol. If we use the solubility of these substances in literature, we would expect the water solubility for benzene with values of 1.
But on the site we only find benzene concentrations of 50 mg/l. That’s the reason to investigate which affect the water solubility of each component in the mixture. This work presents briefly theory of solubility, researches relating to water solubility of single compound and mixture, how to calculate water solubility of components in a mixture. This work determined the water solubility of six substances including Ethylbenzene, Toluene, Anthracene, Naphthalene, Phenol and Tetradacane at temperatures 5-10-20oC.
Water solubility of mixtures of these substances was observed at temperatures 5 and 20oC. Solubility of single compounds compared to those in literature for determining accurate and precise received data. Water solubility of single compounds and mixture also compared them each other. The difference between these data was explained following solubility’s theory.
Water solubility of some mixtures was calculated and compared to experimental value. Behaviours of components in the mixture also predict from experimental data. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. INTRODUCTION Water solubility is one of the most important properties of compounds.
Water solubility is defined as the concentration of a compound dissolved in water when that water is both in contact and at equilibrium with the pure chemical. Solubility represents an equilibrium distribution of a solute between water and the solute phase [1]. It is found various range of water solubility from hundred grams to only few ppb for organic substances. Some compounds are completely soluble in water such as methanol.
Figure 1 shows range in water solubility of some organic compound classes in mol/liter. Figure 1: Ranges in water solubility of some organic compound classes [2] TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 12 Water solubility of almost substances was studied and listed in handbooks. However, in some cases, solubility of organic compounds in the pure form has not been determined, in references it is mentioned as “not soluble”, “insoluble”, “miscible”, “slightly soluble” or “moderate soluble”. Water solubility of some substances studied in this work is given as an example of this fact, and is shown on Table 1.
Thus, water solubility is very important factor for controlling manufacture process, a valuable data in pharmaceutical study field and for controlling fate and transport of contaminants. If a highly soluble substance is quickly distributed, and diluted, an insoluble substance is more likely to adsorb on solids, or accumulate in biota. So, water solubility indicates the tendency of a chemical to be removed from soil to reach the surface water or ground water, to precipitate at the surface soil [2]. Present techniques for assessing or modelling the contaminant transport to environmental components typically rely on data such as solubility and the octanol-water partition coefficient for the calculation of bioconcentration factors, sediment adsorption coefficients, toxicity, and biodegradation rates.
Simple example, if the amount of seepage water is known, the substance mass in the soil and their water solubility, mass of the contaminating substance which will be transported over the time to the groundwater can be calculated. And the lifetime of this soil contamination can also estimated. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 13 Table 1: Chemical/physical properties of selected substances in this work Substance Ethylbenzene(1) Toluene (1) Phenol (1) Anthracene (1) Naphthalene (1) Tetradecane (2) Formular C8H10 / C6H5- C6H5CH3 / C6H6O / C14H10 / C10H8 C14H30 C2H5 C7H8 C6H5OH (C6H4CH)2 Molecular mass 106.4 Boiling point 136°C 111°C 182°C 342°C 218°C Melting point -95°C -95°C 43°C 218°C 80°C Relative density 0.00013 None insoluble water (g/100 ml at (at 20°C) (at 20°C) (g/100 ml at (at 25oC) 20°C) 20oC) Vapour pressure, 0.08 (Pa) 11 (Pa) at 20°C Octanol/water 3.3 partition coefficient as log Pow (1) Data is cited from Physical Properties of International Chemical Safety Card of Ethylbenzene, Toluene, Phenol, Anthracene and Naphthalene [3] (2) Data is cited from Material Safety Data Sheet of N-Tetradecane [4] In fact, a substance is rarely found in the pure form in the nature, it is usually mixed with other substances and modified different from its origin. Especially, contaminated sites where substances have been become intermixed through careless dumping procedures or through failure to segregate waste steam [5].
In general, behavior of mixture of these substances is very complicated.