VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN EAM SAM UN HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION, CAMBODIA MASTER THESIS Hanoi - 2011 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN EAM SAM UN HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION, CAMBODIA Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment Code: MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: DR. CATALIN STEFAN RESP. PETER WERNER Hanoi - 2011 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My highly appreciation wishes to acknowledge to Dr. Catalin Stefan, Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment at the TU Dresden, provided me a great support for making this paper possible and I also contribute of my thanks to alls as following in the accomplishment of this paper existing; • To Prof.
Bilitewski and Prof. Nguyen Thi Diem Trang, who established the cooperation Master program on “Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment” • To DAAD Hanoi provided me full support for both living allowance and tuition fee for duration 2 years of study. Le Thanh Son, Vice Dean at the Faculty of Chemistry, at the Hanoi University of Science always provided me a support. • To all professors, lecturers, and colleagues at the Hanoi University of Science and the Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment, at the TU Dresden for all the important assistances.
Carly Starr who kindly revised this paper with grammar and structures. • To very supportive lovely parents, brothers, and sister, for encouragement and inspiration. i TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………………………….i TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………….v LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………ix LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………………xi LIST OF ANNEXES…………………………………………………………………………….xiii Chapter I INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….1 Tonle Sap Lake Region……………………………………………………1 I.2 Poverty in Tonle Sap Lake Region……………………………………….3 Objectives of Study ……………………………………………………….4 Chapter II ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONEMNAT RELAVANT FACTORS ……………………………………………………………………….1 Data Mining and Collections…………………………………………….2 Socio-Economic Factors……………………………………………….1 Occupation and Income……………………………………….3 Sources of Energy for Consumption………………………………7 II.5 Environmental Pollution…………………………………………10 II.6 Land Use Classification………………………………………….3 Drinking Water Supply and Quality…………………………………….1 Sources of Drinking Water Supply………………………………12 ii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.2 Water Quality in the Tonle Sap Lake ………………………….4 Household Water Treatment Systems (HWTS), Effectiveness and Cost Analysis………………………………………………………………….2 Boiling Water……………………………………………………17 II.4 Simple Sand Filter (SSF)……………………………………….8 Bio-sand Filter ………………………………………………….9 Effectiveness of HWTS………………………………………….10 Cost Analysis of HWTS…………………………………………28 II.5 Domestic Waste Generation …………………………………………….33 Chapter III DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPT FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ……………………………………………….1 Optimization of Resources Management……………………………….2 Development of a Technical Concept for Safe Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation for Household-scale………………………………………….1 Simple Sand Filter (SSF) and Solar Disinfection (SODIS)…….3 Development of Waste Management Concepts and Resource Recovery……………………………………………………………….1 3Rs Approach for Organic Waste Management and Agriculture Waste…………………………………………………………….2 Composting………………………………………………………41 iii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.4 Char Briquette Production……………………………………….4 Development of Socio-Economic……………………………………….5 Quantification of the Environmental Impact of Technical and Socio- Economic Developments……………………………………………….56 Chapter IV CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………….1 Socio-Economic Development…………………………………………….2 Household Cost Expenditure…………………………………….3 Household’s Time Expending………………………………….2 Household’s GHG Emission …………………………………………….65 iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABBREVIATIONS Acronyms 3Rs : Reuse, Recycle, and Reduce ADB : Asia Development Bank AUNP : Asian EU-University Network Program AWWA : American Water Works Association BSF : Bio-sand Filter Ca+2 : Calcium ion CAWST : Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology CDC : Center for Disease Control and Prevention CFSP : Cambodian Fuelwood Saving Project CH4 : Methane CHLs : Chlordances Cl- : Chloride CO : Carbon monoxide CO2 : Carbon dioxide COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand CWP : Ceramic Water Purifier DDT : Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DNA : Deoxyribonucleic acid DO : Dissolved Oxygen EAWAG : Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science EJF : Environmental Justice Foundation v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Fe+3 : Iron ion GHG : Green House Gas H2 : Hydrogen H2O : Water HCB : Hexachlorobenzene HCHs : Hexachorinated hydrocarbons HWTS : Household Water Treatment System IDE : International Development Enterprise IGES : Institute for Global Environmental Strategies IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency K+ : Potassium ion LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas Mg+2 : Magnesium ion Na+ : Sodium ion NaOCl : Sodium hypochlorite NBP : National Biogas Program NIS : National Institute for Statistic NOx : Nitrogen Oxide O2 : Oxygen OCs : Organo-chlorines PAHO : Pan American Health Organization PCBs : Polychlorinated bi-phenyls PCE : Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment PET : Poly Ethylene Terephthalate vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com POPs : Persistent Organic Pollutants POU : Point of Use RACHA : Reproductive and Child Health Allience RO : Reversed Osmosis SANDEC : Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries SO4-2 : Sulfate ion SODIS : Solar Disinfection SSF : Simple Sand Filter TCPMe : Tri 4-chlorophenyl methane TN : Total Nitrogen TP : Total Phosphorus TSS : Total Suspended Solid UNDP : United Nations Development Program UNEP : United Nations Environment Protection UNICEF : United Nations for Children’s Fund USAID : United States Agency for International Development UV : Ultra violate Vol : Volume WaterSHED : Water Sanitation Health Environment Development WHO : World Health Organization vii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Dimensions µg/L : Microgram per litter asl : Above sea level g/m3 : Gram per cubic meter gCH4/kg waste : Gram methane per kilogram waste ha : Hectare Kg/hh/yr : Kilogram per household per year Kg/p/d : Kilogram per capital per day Km2 : Square kilometer L/d : Litter per day L/hh/d : Litter per household per day L/min : Litter per minute M : Metter mg/L : Milligram per litter mm/yr : Millimeter per year ng/g : Nanogram per gram pH : Percentage of hydrogen t TN/yr : Ton Total Nitrogen per year t TP/yr : Ton total phosphorous per year t/yr : Ton per year TCO2E : Ton carbon dioxide equivalent US$/ha : US Dollar per hectare US$/hh/yr : US Dollar per household per year viii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Tonle Sap Lake Region with five zones classification…………………………….…2 Figure 2: Scheme of cycle of poverty and sanitation……………………………………………3 Figure 3: Occupation among population in the Tonle Sap Lake Region by percentage……….6 Figure 4: Income from sectors in the Tonle Sap Lake Region by percentage………………….6 Figure 5: Education Level in the Tonle Sap Lake Region………………………………………….7 Figure 6: Sources of energy for cooking…………………………………………………….…8 Figure 7: Sources of energy for lightening………………………………….…………………9 Figure 8: Sources of drinking water………………………………….…………………………12 Figure 9: Solar Disinfection ………………………………….16 Figure 10: Simple Sand Filter.19 Figure 11: Ceramic Water Purifier (CWP) ………………….22 Figure 12: Bio-sand filter design components………………………………………………….24 Figure 13: Comparative cost production of HWTS per household per year.29 Figure 14: Characterization of domestic waste in Siem Reap Province…………………………30 Figure 15: Toilet Facility in Tonle Sap LakeRegion………………………………….……34 Figure 16: Comparison of time spending between baseline–boiling water and optimized- SODIS/SSF………………………………….…36 Figure17: Comparison of cost production between baseline-boiling water and optimized- SSF/SODIS…………………….………………37 Figure 18: GHG Emission from baseline-boiling water and optimized-SODIS/SSF …….……37 Figure19: Complete single pit………………………………….39 Figure 20: Nutrient recovery from human waste………………………………….……………39 Figure 21: Schematic of composting equation……………………………….41 ix TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Figure 22: Conversion of organic material without oxygen……………………………….42 Figure 23: Influence factors on biogas and methane yield……………………………….…43 Figure 24: Kiln for powder making with burning process……………………………….…44 Figure25: Powder compressor for briquette making………………………………….……44 Figure 26: Paper brick maker from paper waste ………………………………….……………44 Figure 27: Material balance of mushroom growthsectors……………………………….…47 Figure 28: Comparison of income between baseline- farming, baseline-fishing, baseline-service, baseline-trade and optimized-mushroom……………………….……49 Figure 29: Comparison of mass reduction within baseline- before and optimized-after mushroom Growth………………………………….……50 Figure 30: Cost benefit of compost per ton………………………………….…………………51 Figure 31: Default value of GHG emission from composting gCH4/kg waste …………………51 Figure 32: Comparison of rice yield between baseline scenario and optimized scenario ………53 Figure 33: Capital cost of biogas systems in Cambodia ………………………………….……54 Figure 34: Comparison cost analysis between firewood and biogas………………………….…54 Figure 35: Comparison time spending for cooking and firewood consumption baseline scenario and optimized scenario of biogas system…………………….55 Figure 36: GHG Emission from baseline-firewood and optimized biogas for cooking…………56 Figure 37: Comparison of expense for baseline-firewood and optimized-char briquette…….…57 Figure 38: Comparison of GHG emission between baseline-firewood and optimized- char briquette………………………………….…57 Figure 39: Income generation between baseline and optimized scenario……………………….58 Figure 40: Cost expenditure from household indicators…………………………………………59 Figure 41: Household’s time spending for fuel cooking and water supply between baseline and optimized scenario……………………………………………………………….…60 Figure 42: GHG emission from each household……………………………………………….61 x TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table1: Land use classification ………………………………….11 Table 1: Water quality parameters in the Tonle Sap Lake……………………………….14 Table 3: Summary of potential effective by HWTS………………………………….28 Table 4: The volume and nutrient loading of water consumption in household (g/m3) ……….31 Table 5: Human waste flow………………………………….…………………………………32 Table 6: Agricultural waste generation from Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3, and Zone 4 ………….…33 Table 7: Characteristics of biogas composition………………………………….42 Table 8: Fuel Characteristics………………………………….45 Table 9: Economic characteristic of mushroom production during 6 moths……………….48 xi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF ANNEXES Annex1-Socio-economic indicators……………………………………………………………. 65 Annex1-1 Components of Service Occupation in the region……………………………65 Annex 1.2 Income from fishing………………………………………………………….3 Income from farming………………………………………………………65 Annex1.4: Income from trade…………………………………………………………66 Annex15: Income from services…………………………………………………………66 Annex 1.6: Income generation from total zones…………………………………………67 Annex 1.7: Income generation from total zones by percentages……………………….67 Annex2: Sources of energy consumption……………………………………………………….1: Energy for cooking………………………………………………………….2: Energy for lightening……………………………………………………….69 Annex3: Drinking Water Supply –cost estimation …………………………………………….70 Annex4: Fuel consumption and emission factors by household (Calculation by Shipbuilding GHG Emission Inventory Tool)…………………………………………………………70 Annex5: Agricultural and household waste materials ………………………………………….71 Annex6: Drinking Water Quality Index ……………………………………………………….73 Annex 7: Household water treatment system (HWTS) for drinking water…………………….74 Annex 8: Sanitation facility…………………………………………………………………….74 xii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT Tonle Sap Lake is known as a rich in natural resources where it engages the high population contribution throughout the floodplain up to 1.2 million and approximately 4.2 million in total of the region, and makes up the distribution density in average 58 persons per square kilometer.
Due to the high proportion of population depend on existing resources; fishing and farming are majority of region up to 70%, and has resulted 42.8% living in the poverty in the area. A large number of floating villages in floodplain live in low income generation from farming and fishing; likewise, inadequate to access safe water supply, lack sanitation system, and poor understanding of environmental impacts, the Tonle Sap Lake basin is alarming to call for the sustainable management in terms of human health, socio-economic, and environmental issues. Thus, the purpose of this paper is analysis of human and environmental relevant factors includes socio-economic, drinking water, sanitation system, and domestic waste. Based on this relevant factor analysis, the key tasks are to develop a concept for optimization of household oriented resources and compile the oriented guideline for local community use.
As a result, it is indicated that mushroom is feasible option for socio-economic development up to 10,210 US$/hh/yr compare to baseline scenario comprised only 2,732.75US$/hh/yr or 5 times increasing. The optimization scenario for the drinking water supply is SODIS and SSF, sanitation is dry toilet with single pit or bucket, and waste management is compost, biogas, and char briquette. Those methods are recommended to use in the basin due to their not only low cost production, but also flexible, less time spending, and environmental- friendly. In average of cost expenditure from each household is estimated that 107.5US$/hh/yr and it is reduced to 71.96US$/hh/yr respectively.
Time spending is also significantly reduced regarding to the optimization scenario up to 935.5hrs/hh/yr if compare to the baseline scenario 1498.5hrs/hh/yr. GHG emission from household oriented are 6.42TCO2E/yr, whilst, the application of the optimized scenario is reduced to 0.59 TCO2E/hh/yr. xiii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Chapter I INTRODUCTION I.1 Tonle Sap Lake Region Tonle Sap Lake is known as a largest lake in Southeast Asia. It lies on the central plain of Cambodia where it covers 85 620km2 of land (Figure 1).
The lake connects to the Mekong River by the Tonle Sap River which is 120km long (Sokhem, P.