DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE Ngo Van Anh ASSESSMENT OF CADMIUM FLOWS RELATED TO DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES AND PROPOSAL OF RECOVERY SOLUTIONS MASTER THESIS Hanoi - 2011 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE Ngo Van Anh ASSESSMENT OF CADMIUM FLOWS RELATED TO DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES AND PROPOSAL OF RECOVERY SOLUTIONS Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: ASSOC. NGUYEN THI HA Hanoi - 2011 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACTS This thesis analyses the flows of cadmium (Cd) concerning with domestic activities in 3 communes (Co Loa, Tho Xuan and Duong Lieu), especially at Co Loa using MFA (Material flow analysis) or SFA (substance flow analysis) as a framework. MFA/SFA allows all material/substance inflows, outflows, and stocks through each sub-compartment in 3 communes to be examined. The results of the thesis were visualized and presented in diagrams, including an aggregate diagram.
Existing data from a large variety of sources was utilised to complete all cadmium flows within each commune. Cadmium sources are linked to activities of households, markets, agricultural production and on-site sanitation system. A large content of cadmium found in daily domestic solid waste. Phosphate fertilizers and animal manure have been identified as other significant inputs to agricultural soils.
Based on the findings, appropriate solutions for cadmium recovery were suggested. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My profound gratitude of course reserves for my parents and my relatives who always create good conditions for me to pursue my education. Their expectation and support have sustained me during the whole period of my study. I am most indebted to my supervisor Assoc.
Nguyen Thi Ha. Thank you for your patience and for providing consistent direction, encouragement, and constructive guidance for my thesis. I also would like to thank Prof. Bernd Bilitewski, Prof.
Peter Werner, Assoc. Bui Duy Cam, and Assoc. Nguyen Thi Diem Trang for their significant role in organization and support this course. Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my friends who spent their time helping me do my thesis.
2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACTS .2 TABLE OF CONTENT .3 LIST OF TABLES .5 LIST OF FIGURES .9 CHAPTER 1 – LITERATURE REVIEW. Overview of cadmium usage and environmental concerns. Sources and emissions. Fate, transport and transformation of cadmium in environment.
Effect of cadmium on human health and environment. Overview of MFA. Terminology used in MFA. Application of MFA.
Some MFA case studies .27 CHAPTER 2 – APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY. Description of study area and scope. Co Loa commune. Tho Xuan commune.
Duong Lieu commune .43 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Result of cadmium flows identification (qualitative analysis). Co Loa commune. Tho Xuan commune.
Duong Lieu commune. Result of Cd flows calculation (quantitative analysis). Cd flows calculation concerning with the activities in households. Cd flows calculation concerning with the activities in markets.
Cd flows calculation concerning with industry. Cd flows calculation concerning with farmland. Cd flows calculation concerning with livestock. Cd flows calculation concerning with aquaculture.
Cd flows calculation concerning with S&D. Cd flows calculation concerning with on-site sanitation. Cd flows calculation concerning with biogas. Cd flows calculation concerning with intermediate waste storage.
Proposal of Cd recovery solutions. Solutions to recover Cd in solid waste. Solutions to recover Cd in liquid waste .95 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Range in BRCs of Cd for fine-grained marine sediments, seawater and blue mussel within the OSPAR area.
Cadmium and its compounds emissions to air, land and water. Main physico-chemical properties and registration numbers of Cd. Cadmium intake for members of the public (1994). Amount of phosphate ore was mined in some countries during 2005.
Cultivation productivity in Co Loa in 2009. Breeding productivity in Co Loa in 2009. Cadmium flows from domestic activities in Co Loa commune. Cadmium flows from domestic activities in Tho Xuan commune.
Cadmium flows from domestic activities in Duong Lieu commune. Variables in HH activity. Values for calculation of Cd flows in HH activity. Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with activities in HH.
Variables in markets activity. Values for calculation of Cd in markets activity. Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with activities in markets 63 Table 17. Variables in industry activity.
Values for calculation of Cd flows in industry activity. Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with industry. Variables in farmland activity. Values for calculation of Cd flows in farmland activity.
66 5 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with farmland. Variable in livestock activity. Values for calculation of Cd flows in livestock activity.
Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with livestock. Variables in aquaculture activity. Values for calculation of Cd flows in aquaculture activity. Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with aquaculture.
Variables in S&D activity. Values for calculation of Cd flows in S&D. Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with S&D. Variables in septic tank system.
Values for calculation of Cd flows in septic tank system. Variables in double vaults toilet system. Values for calculation of Cd flows in double vaults toilet system. Variables in on-site sanitation activity.
Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with on-site sanitation. Variables in biogas activity. Values for calculation of Cd flows in biogas activity. Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with biogas.
Variables in intermediate waste storage activity. Values for calculation of Cd flows in intermediate waste storage activity 80 Table 43. Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with intermediate waste storage. 81 6 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Fig.
Graphical representation of an MFA system. Co Loa commune. Tho Xuan commune. Duong Lieu commune.
Protocol for substance flow analysis. System analysis of domestic activities in Co Loa. System analysis of domestic activities in Tho Xuan. System analysis of domestic activities in Duong Lieu.
Input and output flows concerning with household activity. Input and output flows concerning with markets activity. Input and output flows concerning with industry activity. Input and output flows concerning with farmland activity.
Input and output flows concerning with livestock activity. Input and output flows concerning with aquaculture activity. Input and output flows concerning with S&D activity. Input and output flows concerning with on-site sanitation activity.
Input and output flows concerning with septic tank system. Input and output flows concerning with double vaults toilet system. Input and output flows concerning with biogas activity. Input and output flows concerning with intermediate waste storage activity80 Fig.
Quantitative diagram for Cd flows in Co Loa commune. 82 7 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS ELM Emulsion liquid membranes EW Electro winning FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GESAMP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of marine Pollution GW Groundwater HH Households IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer kt Kilotons MFA Material flow analysis OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PVC Polyvinyl chloride SFA Substance flow analysis S&D Sewer and drainage system SX Solvent extraction The OSPAR Convention The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic US EPA United State Environmental Protection Agency WC Water closet WHO World Health Organization 8 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com INTRODUCTION Cadmium is usually found in trace amounts as a component of the surface soil, sediments and surface water, and in the air. However, most of the cadmium in the environment results directly from human activities. Cadmium is not essential to living organisms.
It enters the human body via food, smoking, and inhalation of contaminated air. It is extremely dangerous as it is easily absorbed and remains in the tissues for a long time. Because of the slow rate of cadmium excretion, levels in the body increase with age in situations of chronic exposure. Human kidney disease (renal dysfunction) is one result of such long-term exposure (WHO 1992).
Assessment of cadmium flows by material flow analysis method originally developed by Baccini and Brunner, 1991; can provide a holistic picture of resource use and loss in a geographic region in a specific year. In industrialized countries, MFA proved to be a suitable instrument for the early recognition of environmental problems and development of countermeasure. It can be applied to analyze resource flows in a city, particularly to evaluate the impact of changes in consumption patterns, solid waste and wastewater treatment infrastructure, peri-urban agricultural production, including waste and wastewater reuse practices on resource consumption and environmental pollution. It also provides useful information for planners and decision-makers and could help improve resource management of areas in developing countries.
However, limited data availability, reliability and data collection means (available laboratory equipment, trained laboratory staff, financial and human resources) are common problems faced by developing countries and restrain the use of MFA as a policy-making tool. The aim of this study is to apply MFA to analyze the cadmium flows through domestic activities to the environment. The study areas are 3 communes (Co Loa – peri-urban area, Tho Xuan – rural area and Duong Lieu - craft village area. Contents of thesis include: 9 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 9 Description and understanding the activities related to cadmium flows 9 Qualification and quantification these flows 9 Recommendation of appropriate solutions for cadmium recovery 10 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1 – LITERATURE REVIEW 1.
Overview of cadmium usage and environmental concerns 1. Sources and emissions Cadmium is released to the biosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources Many substances, such as cadmium, occur naturally in the environment and it is therefore important to distinguish between natural concentrations and flows of these substances and the extent to which these are increased by human activities. Volcanic activity is an important natural source of the release of cadmium to the atmosphere.
The annual global flux from this source has been estimated to be 820 tons (Nriagu, 1989). Deep-sea volcanism is also a source of the release of cadmium to the environment, but the role of this process in the global cadmium cycle still remains to be quantified. Levels of up to 4.5 mg/kg have been found in volcanic soils (Korte, 1983). Cadmium present in various types of rocks and soils is widely distributed in the earth's crust, in non-volcanic areas, at average concentrations ranging from 0.2 mg/kg of soil (GESAMP, 1984).
This metal is commonly associated to zinc, and occurs naturally in zinc, lead and copper ores, which are the main deposits of cadmium. These deposits can reach ground and surface waters, especially when in contact with soft, acidic waters. For naturally occurring substances the Background/Reference Concentrations (BRCs) are the range of concentrations that would be anticipated to be present in the environment in the absence of any human activity. Obviously, nowadays it is virtually impossible to present a definitive value for the background concentration of natural stable compounds, which can be transported by wind, water and biota.
11 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Table 1 summarizes available BRCs for cadmium in seawater, sediments and biota (mussel tissue) Table 1. Range in BRCs of Cd for fine-grained marine sediments, seawater and blue mussel within the OSPAR area (2002) a a : from OSPAR Commission, 2002 1. Anthropogenic sources There are a number of sources of anthropogenic cadmium emissions into the environment.