i THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines AGAPE IN THE SELECTED WORKS OF THICH NHAT HANH: IMPLICATIONS ON VIETNAMESE STUDENTS’ VALUES A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School Batangas State University Batangas City, Philippines In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major in English by NGUYEN THUY LINH 2015 ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled “AGAPE IN THE SELECTED WORKS OF THICH NHAT HANH: IMPLICATIONS ON VIETNAMESE STUDENTS’ VALUES” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THUY LINH in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been examined and is recommended for Oral Examination iii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines ABSTRACT Title: AGAPE IN THE SELECTED WORKS OF THICH NHAT HANH: IMPLICATIONS ON VIETNAMESE STUDENTS’ VALUES Author: Nguyen Thuy Linh Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Major: English Year: 2015 Adviser: Maria Luisa A. ______________________________________________________________ Summary This study analyzed agape as manifested in the selected literary pieces of Thich Nhat Hanh pointing out the events and situations which show the implications of the writer’s agape on noted Vietnamese students’ values. Likewise, this paper tries to present how the historical beginnings of agape in the Buddhist tradition; the virtues of loving-kindness, compassion, joy and equanimity as the essence of agape; the virtues of peace, respect and service portrayed in the selected works; the social issues gleaned from the selections; and the implications of the writer’s agape on noted Vietnamese students’ values. iv THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines This study employed the qualitative method of research in analyzing the Thich Nhat Hanh’s concept of agape in the representative literary works chosen.
Likewise, this analysis made use of the sociological, philosophical and historical approaches as the bases for analysis. In particular, the sociological and philosophical approaches are supported by Goseph Fletcher’s Situational Ethics and Peter Alber David Singer’s Utilitarian Theories. This paper also involved content analysis, which is a systematic technique in analyzing message content and message handling. The data analysis in this research centered on seeking and the extraction of meaning from Thich Nhat Hanh’s selected literary narrative or image data.
Much effort was focused on the task of making notes through concepts and categories; altering or creating new codes due to the incorporation of a matrix; linking and combining abstract concepts; extracting the essence; organizing meaning; writing an understanding; and drawing conclusions. The essential features in the treatment of materials were considered by the researcher in the conduct of this study. The general rules cited by Stott (2014) as regards the seven standards a piece of literature such as universal appeal, permanence, suggestiveness, intellectually valuable, spiritually valuable, style and artistry should abide to in order to be considered literary v THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines guided in the selection of works under study. The representative literary works were analysed include: True Love: A Practice of Awakening the Heart, and Being Peace.
The said selections were chosen because of the correlation between the aforecited themes, literary devices, the social issues particularly gleaned from the selections, which helped in unveiling the implications of the writer’s agape on noted Vietnamese students’ values. Findings of the study revealed that the historical root of agape can be traced back to the early days of Buddhism and is manifested in many teachings of the said religion. From the selected literary pieces, Thich Nhat Hanh elaborated on the Four Immeasurable Minds known as loving-kindness, compassion, joy and equanimity as concrete expressions of man’s deepest love. Nhat Hanh underscored that when a group of people manifest the virtues of peace, respect and perform a kind of service as a practice, it creates an ecosystem that holds a space, allowing value to emerge organically.
All of these indirect values, its ripple effect, have space and time to add up, synergize with other ripples, and multiply into something completely unexpected. There are social issues particularly focused and have affected the Vietnamese people. These include poverty, environmental degradation, war, vi THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines violence, social inequality and oppression. The implications of agape on noted Vietnamese students’ values can be discerned and distinguished from Nhat Hanh’s selected works.
Students may glean insights on Buddha's words on the four immeasurables in ways that are deeply resonant for contemporary young readers as concrete expressions of men’s deepest love. vii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines ACKNOWLEDGMENT The researcher wishes to express her grateful appreciation of those, in one way or another, have helped make this humble work a reality. First and foremost, she wishes to thank Batangas State University and the Thai Nguyen University, for giving her the opportunity to finish this dissertation under their International Academic Cooperation Program. Dang Kim Vui, the President of the Thai Nguyen University, Assoc.
Nguyen Tuan Anh, Assoc Prof. Dang Xuan Binh, Prof. Nguyen The Hung, the former Directors of the TNU International Training and Development Center, Dr. Hoang Thi Bich Thao, the current Director of TNU ITDC, Prof.
Pham Viet Binh, the President of TNU of Information and Communication Technology, Dr. Vu Duc Thai, the Vice President, Dr. Truong Ha Hai, the Dean of the Faculty of Basic Science, for their motivation and wisdom that helped hasten the completion of this study. Valdez, the Dean of Colleges and Head of the Graduate School of the Batangas State University ARASOF Nasugbu Campus, the researcher’s dissertation adviser, for her constant encouragement, dedication, and inspiring character which motivated diligent research for the realization of this study.
viii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines Dr. Dimaano, the Chairman of the Panel of Examiners, for her thorough dissection and candid remarks that drew up the essential and relevant dimensions in this research. Panopio, and Dr. Sulit, the Members of the Panel of Examiners, for their valuable suggestions and criticism which motivated conscientiously the researcher during the conduct of this study.
Magnaye, the Recording Secretary and Ms. Le Quynh Anh, the ITDC Administrative Staff, for their words of encouragement and kind gestures. The writers whose works were included in this study for their emboldened wisdom in every page of this dissertation. The researcher’s colleagues and friends, all of whom generously gave their time, advice, and prayers.
They made her realize the value of truth and principles about people and human experiences. The researcher is also very grateful for the wholehearted support and love that her husband, Do Ba Giang and her children, Do Thanh Thao, Do Thai Ha, and Do Gia Minh, along with her parents and brothers, have extended ix THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines during the writing process. They supported her high and low points that accompanied the realization of this paper. Nguyen Thuy Linh x THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines DEDICATION To my ever dearest husband, Do Ba Giang and my loving daughters, Do Thanh Thao, Do Thai Ha, and Do Gia Minh, who inspired me to search for the highest values in life, Nguyen Thuy Linh xi THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………….
x TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………. xi LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………. THE PROBLEM Introduction …………………………………………. 1 Statement of the Problem ………………………….
9 Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study …. 10 Significance of the Study ………………………………. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Conceptual Literature ………………………………. 56 xii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines Theoretical Framework ……………………………… 59 Conceptual Framework.
62 Definition of Terms …………………………………. RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE Research Methodology ……………………………. 69 Treatment of Materials ……………………………. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION …………….
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings …. 174 Summary of the Selections …………………………………. 175 CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………… 178 xiii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 1 Conceptual Paradigm of the Study……………… 64 1 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction That love plays a significant and inexorable role in diverse cultures is an undeniable fact. People of varied cultures can have a glimpse of it from movie shows, novels, plays, and songs.
It is an exciting theme for young people and a relentless theme for the adults. Theoretically, the nature of love has not ceased to be the lifeblood of philosophy, generating theories ranging from the worldly notion of love as merely a physical occurrence to theories of love as an extremely spiritual affair that in its ultimate gives man the right to touch divinity. Evidently, love is generally understood with a wide array of meanings. The first facet of love is referred to as eros just as the Greeks knew of passionate, romantic love.
It is viewed as an exulted and exquisitely idealistic love, typically between a woman and a man, and it leads to joy, laughter, children and family. This retells the fact that inner peace in a family results to outer peace in a country to help men in nurturing and maintaining this wondrous love in lives. Another aspect is philia which is all about enduring friendship, affectionate love, and family love. It is an embodiment of culture and beliefs.
2 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines Therefore, philia pertains to soul love, and its power and value lies on the elevation of the soul of the holder. And finally, the highest type of love gained is agape, the paternal love of God for man and vice versa, but is drawn-out to include a brotherly love for all of the human race. It places the beloved first and sets aside self-interest, pride, and possessions for the welfare of that dearly loved one. Agape finds echoes in the principles of Kant and Kierkegaard, who emphasize the moral significance of showing neutral love to another individual through human presence in the abstract.
A Vietnamese Zen monk named Thich Nhat Hanh who established the Engaged Buddhism movement, characterized agape in a selection of his works as the unconditional, selfless, sacrificial love, and the concern regarding the best interest and welfare of the other people irrespective of how those individuals make another person feel. Moreover, it is always perceived as the highest love wherein everyone frequently come across the four immeasurable such as loving-kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity, that extend and magnify the scope and quality of agape. Nevertheless, a closer look at the list of entries reveals the prominence of terms such as peace, respect, or service which may inspire Vietnamese people to adopt in order to live a meaningful life. 3 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines Thich Nhat Hanh’s agape, the outcome of his exhaustive study and wisdom of the principles of Buddhism, reflects the way of life of the Vietnamese.
In his literatures, he was able to express how simple everyday actions can signify man’s compassion and concern not only for himself, not only for others, but for the entire world, and for all sentient beings. This advocate of love declared that individuals need to make an effort to rebuild their language by making use of words carefully. The word “love” is a wonderful word. People have to bring back what it means.
Love is whole, deep and beautiful.