MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology ENCAPSULATION BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN RED CARDINAL GRAPE POMACE EXTRACT USING CO-CRYSTALLIZATION A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Ngo Thi My Nu Supervisor: Assoc. Kha Chan Tuyen MSc. Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology ENCAPSULATION BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN RED CARDINAL GRAPE POMACE EXTRACT USING CO-CRYSTALLIZATION A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Ngo Thi My Nu Supervisor: Assoc. Kha Chan Tuyen MSc.
Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 i ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to Associate Professor Dr. Kha Chan Tuyen and MSc.Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao for their dedicated guidance, advice, and assistance during my research and study period. And they are also the ones who come up with ideas and check the suitability of the thesis. I would also like to thank all the teachers of Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology at Nong Lam university, Ho Chi Minh city for teaching and creating favorable conditions for me in the process of studying and researching.
The knowledge I receive will help me prepare for the future. Finally, I would like to thank my family, friends, and relatives for always being there to encourage me and being a great source of encouragement and motivation to help me complete this thesis. Although I have tried to complete the thesis within the scope and ability possible, shortcomings cannot be avoided. I look forward to receiving dedicated guidance from the teachers and friends.
Thank you sincerely! il ABSTRACT The study "Encapsulation bioactive compounds in red cardinal grape pomace extract using co-crystallization" was carried out at the Product Development Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City from August 2023 to May 2024. The objective of the study is to determine the parameters of bioactive compound encapsulation from grape pomace extract using the co-crystallization method. Many factors influencing co-crystallization have been investigated, including the extract type for encapsulation (ChCI: Gly: CA and ChC]: CA), the extract addition (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%), and the mixing temperature of sucrose and extract (60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C). Statistical results showed that all survey factors have a statistically significant effect (p<0.05) on the final product.
The suitable parameters for sugar and grape pomace DES extract co-crystallization were selected as follows: using the ChCl: Gly: CA extract with high compound recovery yield and encapsulation efficiency (82. The extract addition of 15% has been chosen with a TPC and PAC encapsulation efficiency of 77. The mixing temperature of 60 °C retained a high content of bioactive compounds. TPC and PAC recovery efficiency were highest at a temperature of 60 °C (82.
1H CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMEN TL eeeecoeseDkekseQEtS6S0186306353850100GG45G8538343G38558 ii ABSTRACT siscesesisti166161115114446665036113561354565614665858546GE336395011S8SESLEGSXG813555E04055G1558614388 iii GON TE ND wncesessernsvessncesvscsousssonsvaasssasunverensussranesuayvoscessosusecasesesnusverussnesnsnssessnnccereseosuased iv LIST OF ABBREVIATION G.:cscsssssssssssssssssssssssssescsssessssesssssssssesssssssesessssessessees Vii LIST. OF TABLES sesssssecsssessssssscesasssssvessscesusrssesseessaroannres setaranaeeesseceasensasenaiesecereneeats viii LIST GF FIGURES ssce.nancanienneuncwarenmmennnan tiene ix Chapter I INTRODUCTION wcsesssstcsscssessesseassassscscsscesvascesseseauesasceceassnssnsaventosssesvssessssacs 1 Lol RATION ALS sccosesnesreconaneamenmensniuns mesma ctennumnan iene mERmaNEReNnENE ERNE 1 1.2 Aims of the 2 .3 Scientific and practical sigHifÍCADG6. co - s22 11222123162121220220010 1 1 n2 10800236 sees 2 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW. 5 HH ng gm 4 2.1 Overview of grape and grape DOIHA6.-:22-5--2222252255212222 0010120210228 601026660230 4 Delel! OVETVIEW OL BAPG sa cxosesaseeaeenewscennasns ccevennanas enessrusnexanneseccamansvanseecexenserpsrenvmomanrens 4 2.
5 2,2 Chemieal composition of grape POMace xcccsccssscsccsensssecscsssecesnsescenecmeversnsenmesemves 6 Z2A PHEROU CACGe rncsecncseseescne mess seeeureemener sees amateurs dairies rerareecnereerm ae ee onaESeS qi DD DBIAVONOIAS seaxasnes.sxarssaien csecsearsan aesink:centomsenaalemrecwebsr kts ma sina arn sass sm Due er ERROR ý "8 oi. ----52<2S+2e cap ke2HrHe 222.4 Overview of encapsulation technology .1 Introduction to encapsulation technology .2 Structural characteristics of encapsulated particÌes.3 Application of encapsulation technology .cccccescceseeeseceeeeseeeeseeeseeeeeeseeeees 11 PÃ Si 000v ua/lr100/)000 000008.1 Advantages and drawbacks of co-crystallization encapsulation. 13 Chapter 3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY ." Time and location of the experiments ovcccsscssvavsssonssasssssnnonsonsasensenssnessooapnesusonannss 15 3. Materials and EquipmentT277.
15 iv hon La NANG E Tổ Lo s,s3scstsznc6istssslfnlsecpkiSuedtoadtdpdbasrdgdiogeiotdlirkctodoftrlsuisoczdBiBauitogBudogioBigedbeibldadactesBrslsiaiasäollofk 15 3,22.8808993635553083S58/3540GSI32B9:810Đ54GS8S2ESE/0DSS4SSGSSI91GB-EESE4585/8E 16 D0371 H©ITITOE|SisgsssvssogtosstgioigS4400030448ALS8G860E2035S004045405344148389E81Gg00g95g6443g053001405g8992.S4 16 3:3, Method OLOGY rnenenrevesrssonoisiE'00SE100854001GEEESSEEESGSSEHEHEESUSSH.- ---- ¿+2 S< + S2 rệt 16 BBD, DAI THẢ G OÏÌ,.sesese sesig S6 ctgielSgggöme34/0800 se 28 1051áno30i300/0eog88150 cau titinniiesicoednasinetariietas ansinnbasie se 16 3.601760=GTVSDIIIHZ HD LeeeseesseisseeskseoibiddBiLguaSuSsgiDgAEiG3311040S4GS8408053G.XIWETIIHETIE/ESIDTÏSsaerssireii00000035GGGiHlT:GGUARQGIRGHBGSSERGIANHTGGPBSERqjSlNBfGiySt%Ss8 18 3.1 Experiment 1: Investigate the effect of extract type on encapsulation efficiency ee sr rm rt Seve ree ee 18 3.2 Experiment 2: Investigate the effect of grape pomace extract addition on encapsulation efficiency.3 Experiment 3: Investigate the effect of mixing temperature on encapsulation CE CLEC screen ea BE ng gi 0N G6 tgnE139048800719070891053158791E043.-- ---- - -- <5 << 1E vn TH TH HH ng 19 3."Total pienolic content: (TPC) sua: ssxesssenscenannneansnsnnsswuva dgh4gEELS8a04B112010433.2 Total proanthocyanidin content (PAC) .3 Determination of the content of bioactive compounds .-- ---- --- ---- 20 3:4:4 MbISUIFS GOIILGHE-scceessssssesssdsssissssesdiacESSGSEE148105436501358355SE9ESEEKEEKEESIEEDSEES.5 Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analySIS:.-- -----cccccc+cceeeexee 21 SAO COLE wrcssssssvassasssssesensssnsansenacenssn necsemaassnrenecexearsenccenssusenensseuaueueanstessaasemnseemereecests 21 3.7 Enicapstlation Viel wv.], Dry THẠÍÏST'TECOVETV.VIE sáp gót 21005 00263033 ggt3500:lygitS393k03SHULB.2 Recovery yield of compouid§.-- ---- c2 S1 2211211211121 2121 HH TH TH HH TH ướt 22 BAS Data. PrOCeSSiiS TrIEKHOỗoöseeaisoetaneptiioolodHSSEIIHENGSGEGSSESSRERESISRESEEREMSSG14GNSH203889/818 22 Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.1 The effect of extract type on encapsulation efficiency.2 The effect of grape pomace extract addition on encapsulation efficiency .3 The effect of mixing temperature on encapsulation efficlency. ----- 32 Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.1L IRC NTS Oi Gs3scssxnc6sisszlEnssecsskiSuedtosdbdpdbosrdgdiogeiotdlirkctiodioftrsuisczdBiBauidogBuRdgsioBigodbioiblidadagtessrslsiaiasäolloSi 37 5. 37 REEERENC F son in L0 16 AE GGEG V4 XESGSSNSSSSSGISGGGSGGQ354dpSZQBSSSSS8SESSSESSS4565615b4ES8SgSÓ 38 33 000)0/0 70.
41 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Choline Chloride: ChCl: Gly: CA Glycerol: Citric Acid Choline Chloride: Lactic ChCl: LA Acid DES Deep Eutectic Solvents dm Dry matter 8 Gram HBA Hydrogen bond acceptor HBD Hydrogen bond donor LDL Low-density lipoproteins min minute mL milillter PAC Proanthocyanidin content GP Grape pomace TPC Total Polyphenol content vil LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 The colors of encapsulated particles from different types of extract.2 Color of encapsulated particles at different rafIOs.-- eee eee 31 Table 4.3 Color of encapsulated particles at different temperatures. -- --- 36 Vili LIST OF FIGURES Fistire 2.1 Grape POMae’ cccsscssneresveessreee a reaaaamenaewe macau nara 6 Figure 2.2 Morphologies of particles obtained using encapsulation processes .1 Grape pomace Pow def cecssesccesnsssssemeern me cmnemmemamesemmerernemnass 15 Figure 3.2 Extraction process TA.1 Moisture content of encapsulated particles from different extract type .2 Dry matter recovery yield of different extract fype.3 Compounds recovery yield of different extract type .4 Encapsulation efficiency of different extract fype.5 Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) of encapsulated powder from (a) ChCl: Gly:CA arid (b) GHẾ: LAtexWa Cl, ssssscs.cemun news santuceecn dum remnant 27 Figure 4.6 Moisture content of encapsulated particels with different extract addition .7 Dry matter recovery yield of encapsulated particles with different extract ACGITION.8 Compound recovery yield of encapsulated particels at different extract SH OHLitkkriaáoosrtoEoiz3sESoAT0S500S0EE0ESPSEEENSSESLEEIIGSGIIGEISESESURIENEHSSEISHJR.SSJSSSR0XEJĐGDTSSB.9 Encapsulation efficiency of encapsulated particles at different extraction FEY¢C00 (0 (0) | eee 31 Figure 4.10 Moisture content of encapsulated particles at different temperatures .11 Dry matter recovery yield at different temperatures.12 Recovery yield of compounds at different temperatures .13 Encapsulation efficiency at different temperatures. Rationale According to FAO (2014), grape production was estimated at more than 69 million tons in 2012, making them one of the most widely grown fruits worldwide. More than 80% is used in wine and juice production.
Grape processing generates a large amount of waste, especially grape pomace, which largely consists of skins, seeds and stems. The amount of this residue is often underestimated. They are used as animal feed, as fertilizer, and even released into the environment, causing all sorts of related problems (such as increased soil acidity, phytotoxicity, and methane production). However, grape pomace may become a product with potential economic return since it is the source of bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds, fatty acids, pectins, etc.) that may be used in the manufacture of food product.
The biological benefits of bioactive compounds in foods on human health have recently been increasingly recognized. These benefits include protection against chronic diseases such as cancer as well as metabolic, neurological and cardiovascular conditions. Secondary metabolites with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti- atherogenic, anti-thrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory properties include polyphenols, carotenoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, vitamins and fibers. To effectively manage bioactive ingredients in foods, a product that protects the finished product must be formulated so that it can preserve the structural integrity of the compound until it is consumed or used, masks its taste, increases its water solubility and bioavailability, and delivers it precisely to its physiological target (Mourtzinos and Goula 2019).
One method to extend the stability and shelf life of bioactive ingredients in foods is packaging. It is the process by which active ingredients are packaged within a secondary material. Encapsulation strategies for food bioactive components have been examined often over the last few decades, and numerous methods have been developed for the production of encapsulated food ingredients. Because of its ease of use, cocrystallization is a new encapsulation technique that has drawn attention from researchers recently.
Co- crystallization provides a versatile and affordable alternative since it enhances the solubility, wettability, flowability, stability, anti-caking, and anti-dusting qualities of the active chemicals while also masking their bitter taste (Bhandari and Hartel 2002). The research indicates that the pharmaceutical business uses co-crystallization more frequently than the food industry, where the applications of co-crystallized products are limited (Maulny, Beckett et al. 2005) Throughout the co-crystallization process, the active ingredient is incorporated into the group of crystals. Typically, the main component is sucrose.
Granulated sucrose is as solid, compact, mononuclear crystals with a small surface area; this structure has to be transformed into irregular, agglomerated, and micro-sized crystals (Deladino, Anbinder et al. The enhanced surface area and vacant space that follow offer a porous foundation for the active ingredient to be added upon.2 Aims of the study General goals: this study aims to determine the most appropriate factors and conditions so that the efficiency and yield of encapsulation of bioactive compounds in grape pomace by co-crystallization method is highest. Specific goals: Investigate the effect of solvent type on encapsulation efficiency, investigate the effect of grape pomace extract addition on encapsulation efficiency, and investigate the effect of mixing temperature on encapsulation efficiency.3 Scientific and practical significance The research topic has scientific significance in determining the suitable conditions for encapsulation to help protect and retain maximum bioactive compounds in grape pomace using a simple method. In addition, the topic has practical significance because it will serve as a basis for research related to the use of sugar products containing pomace grape extract in the food and pharmaceutical industries as well as the use of encapsulating sugar and bioactive compounds from grapes pomace extract with high nutritional value for consumers.
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of grape and grape pomace 2.1 Overview of grape The vine, also known by the scientific name Vitis vinifera, is a climbing plant belonging to the Vitaceae family. The vine is native to central and southern Asia, but is now widely grown throughout the world. Grapes are herbaceous, climbing plants. On the tree trunk there are tendrils opposite the leaves formed from the trunk and branches.
The tendrils hold the function of clinging to the climbing trellis, helping the tree stay stable. The vine has simple, heart-shaped leaves surrounded by many small, serrated edges. The tree roots are in the form of cluster roots, penetrating about 30-60 cm deep into the soil and spreading widely around the tree canopy. The flowers are bisexual, clustered on the branches, small in size and light green in color.
Some grape varieties originating from America have unisexual flowers (only male or female). The fruit is small, round in shape, with an average diameter of 1.5-3 cm, the skin is thin and slightly attached to the flesh.