MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES EVALUATION THE GROWTH AND LIPID ACCUMULATION OF THE MICROALGAE Scenedesmus obliquus UNDER DIFFERENT CULTIVATION CONDITIONS Major : BIOTECHNOLOGY Student : THACH THỊ GIANG HUONG Student ID : 19126062 Academic year : 2019 - 2023 Thu Duc City, 04/2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNDERGRADUATE THESIS EVALUATION THE GROWTH AND LIPID ACCUMULATION OF THE MICROALGAE Scenedesmus obliquus UNDER DIFFERENT CULTIVATION CONDITIONS Advisor Student HUYNH VINH KHANG, Ph. THACH THI GIANG HUONG NGUYEN THI VAN ANH, Msc. Thu Duc City, 04/2024 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To complete this thesis, I would like to sincerely thank the Board of Directors, the Department of Biological Sciences of Ho Chi Minh City University of Agriculture and Forestry and the Institute of Biotechnology and Environmental Research for their enthusiastic support. Supported and created favorable conditions for me to complete my graduation thesis recently.
I would like to especially express my sincere thanks to Dr. Huynh Vinh Khang and Msc. Nguyen Thi Van Anh has dedicatedly guided and advised me during the process of implementing, researching and completing the thesis. Thank you to the teachers of the Department of Biological Sciences for always dedicatedly helping and supporting me in answering my questions throughout my research and study process at school.
Thank you to the student body of the Environmental Biology Department - Faculty of Biological Sciences as well as the DH19SHD class for always encouraging, supporting and helping me during the time of completing my graduation thesis. I would like to thank my parents for not being afraid to work hard and always creating the best conditions for me to study and practice. Because I am initially participating in scientific research and have many limitations in knowledge, experience and skills that I cannot see, I look forward to receiving more comments from teachers. and you to make this thesis more complete.
Finally, I wish all teachers good health and confidence to complete their mission of leading and imparting knowledge to future generations. Thank you sincerely. Thu Duc City, April 10, 2024 li AFFIRMATION AND COMMITMENT My name is Thach Thi Giang Huong, student ID: 19126062, class: DHI9SHD (Phone: 0982904116, email: 19126062@st.vn), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nong Lam university. I declared that all results presented in this graduate thesis were conducted by myself.
All the data and information are entirely accurate and unbiased. I fully accept responsibility for these commitments in front of the committee. Thu Duc City, April 10" ,2023 Student’s signature Thach Thi Giang Huong ill ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the influence of extraction methods and solvents on lipid extraction efficiency and to identify optimal culture conditions for enhancing the growth and lipid accumulation of the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus. Soxhlet extraction methods, using hexane as a solvent, and the ultrasound-assisted extraction involved three solvent systems: hexane, hexane:methanol (1:1), and chloroform:methanol (2:1).
The investigation included evaluating the effects of microalgae culture conditions through response surface method to assess the growth and lipid accumulation potential of S. The highest lipid extraction efficiency (160.89 mg/g DW) was achieved using the chloroform: methanol (2:1) solvent system with ultrasound assistance. The results indicated that the ultrasound-assisted organic solvent method was as effective as, or superior to, the traditional Soxhlet method, offering time and energy savings in the extraction process. The study revealed that the highest lipid content (163.83 mg/g DW) was attained under culture conditions, including 75% nitrogen (NaNO3), 50% phosphorus (K2HPO,4 and KH;PO¿) compared to the original BBM nutrient medium, and 0.55 mg/L 3-indole-acetic acid (IAA).
The findings contribute valuable insights for optimizing lipid extraction processes and cultivating microalgae for lipid production. Key words: BBM, lipids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and Scenedesmus obliquus. iv TÓM TẮT Nghiên cứu này nhằm mục đích đánh giá ảnh hưởng của phương pháp chiết và dung môi đến hiệu quả chiết lipid và xác định các điều kiện nuôi cấy tối ưu để tăng cường sự sinh trưởng và tích lũy lipid của vi tảo Scenedesmus obliquus. Phương pháp chiết Soxhlet, sử dụng hexane làm dung môi và chiết có sự hỗ trợ của siêu âm bao gồm ba hệ dung môi: hexane, hexane:metanol (1:1) và chloroform:metanol (2:1).
Khảo sát bao gồm đánh giá tác động của điều kiện nuôi cấy vi tảo thông qua phương pháp bề mặt đáp ứng dé đánh giá khả năng tăng trưởng và tích lũy lipid của S. Hiệu suất chiết lipid cao nhất (160,64 + 4,89 mg/g DW) đạt được khi sử dụng hệ dung môi chloroform: methanol (2:1) có hỗ trợ siêu âm. Kết quả chỉ ra rằng phương pháp dung môi hữu cơ có sự hỗ trợ của siêu âm có hiệu quả tương đương hoặc vượt trội so với phương pháp Soxhlet truyền thống, giúp tiết kiệm thời gian và năng lượng trong quá trình chiết xuất. Nghiên cứu cho thấy hàm lượng lipid cao nhất (163,22 + 0,83 mg/g DW) đạt được trong điều kiện nuôi cấy, bao gồm 75% nitơ (NaNO3), 50% phốt pho (KzHPO¿ và KHzPO¿) so với môi trường dinh dưỡng BBM ban dau và 0,55 mg.
/L axit indole-3-axetic (IAA). Những phát hiện này đóng góp những hiểu biết có giá trị để tối ưu hóa quá trình chiết xuât lipid và nuôi cay vi tao dé sản xuat lipid. Từ khóa: BBM, lipids, nito, photpho va Scenedesmus obliquus. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACE : Angiotensin-converting enzymes ATP : Adenosine triphosphate BBM : Bold's Basal Medium CCD : Central composite design CO2 : Carbon dioxide DPPH : 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DW : Dry weight IAA : Indole-3-Acetic Acid MAE : Microwave extraction : Nitrogen NADPH : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate OD : Optical density : Phosphorus RSM : Response surface methodology (RSM TAG : Triacylglycerol UAE : Ultrasonic extraction vi CONTENTS Trang AFFIRMATION AND COMMTTMENT.
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Componds accumulate 1n the alga S.ceceseseeseeeseeseeeeseeeeeeeeeneeeeeeaeeneenees 10 ce 6 ee ee ee ee 10 Es GIỮTT,.- ecouinxeerogbii<nircgatodrigargildogeroirdndicAtrrdcinnidz2trgdioniiptgtikdisym.rgriámgimtrstgmigiD—csgimtrgitrdrroigtirista II 2.0nitlexldani: Com pov sseusaseaeusaaraarostdfoiointdhOESSBGSBNIBS400165/01SHEG33489i20029. Lipid extraction methods and Solvent ., ĐT HHIWElisoessaoisnioiatigitllsilasosseDl44l)9(SRSLSISEAEIIRIGMSESSSĐiNiSEDSgilpstag 14 D6.) BIOLOGY CHEE DY, cscs HH HH sectsastisins hiNgiioDGELRL0ESGIL38.0L038S880SL- CR HGENGHD2LS000/90040.20060D8E 14 2,62) Biological activity bus ion wsem mses numero wenn eeeteens aeeeER TENET 15 2:6;3'. WaStE Wale? GRHTNETÏĂGsinseenginidiginDnSGE00311800303810L386508033153G80Đ4SES5SSS141485ES8E4XE4GBIEESHG58 15 2. Recent studies on the impacts of nutritional stress on the growth and lipid accumulation by the microalgae S.
Time Btid LOCATOR GL INE (5L ws scasccssieseananssuasaaxeaninsnnechasnninednninthanaiiesnpainadniiesacsancamineasnawiies 18 Sie Witenes PTE susesspeeesnaeueierhakuiirbilEs0iiek0ts(Etrnigalo8xiess6xlkls6ifeIISHSL.1 SOULCE OF SEANCH CSTNUS (0 D HN HỒN sx cwacsvna ssn nhggga nh N h3 4 GHI Q4 159 ThủNAgũgãg0k3h/SixSĐ018S18U7538I0730848838 18 3. Investigation of differentextraction methods, sccseevaenrneunmaurmumencmnonenmenaons 20 BiDoks DI TỘC GILDHLDTTLaseseiseiotnndiadbiiduiBEu01A00116160008060081066080560148313618116GE0090806160644. Ultrasonie-assisted extraction with HEXATE vcs: sessseessssezseasiteisgSIE16314615086002455611 30002068 20 3. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction with a mixture of hexane and methanol.
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction with a mixture of chloroform and methanol. Investigation of the influences of culture conditions on the growth and lipid Ce Ome ne 21 BA. Ly Cul Gur inie “(IMG sesvosssssoaoslil9kidbetRnSagtlGiAESIEBDHIEHNGISIGBIGXIISEIMGRESANELEEBEGMONIMEDBRBSBRA 21 3. cssessmmsmasemnnmnnnancmecmmnmmemm mamma anenine 22, 34,3.
Phosphorus 'OTGEHdEOTSitoskizssests6yne08010800N0ADI0485001A560305610100S4ISIBISSMQSNGISGIESGASGAng8Sđ 23 3. 3-indole acetic acid (IAA) concentrafiOTNS. The response surface methodology - central composite design (RSM-CCD). 25 Decl CISC IE OSA) CORT DO seeeeenaanraraetrinitiintidttiouriiiERGIGESUDEESISIGGUGNIABSSM09020001g0014071800161000/008 2 3.
Statistical analysis nh n. 28 Chapter 4, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION sounnnarseoeeiontnnpybrronttieiietDDDDDIGIETGIB24G(DSIOGHG000006740 29 4. Lipid extraction mmethOS. - 6 6 2131191131851 351 19111111 1 1 911 11 v1 Hàng nh ng 29 4.
Effects of culture conditions on the growth and lipid accumulation of the microalgae3 | 4. Correlation between cell density and optical density. ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenees 3] 4. The effects of nitrogen COnC€TTAfIOTNS.
Eeffects of phosphorus concentrafIOTNS. EHEGIS:Of culturin: tite usesiseresitisnilsibssedld bikt34s 39a ngã ghiath 32gb ÄtokoaSEiNkingldflagbaaflEpknone 39 4. The effects of 3-Indole acetic acid (IAA) concentrafIOns. The response surface method - central composite design (RSM-CCD).
TERS Ota! e#tfaifiHf GHN-THDTTS se cauassesseidinidede cavenansasnunnnetannensannawanacaannwassines 47 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ssccvsssssesasorsvrvevessecevenverssonuonevead 49 S1 10115) (5 (0) ) eee 0 0858E32IHDS.0RSE303843800004305806L388i/E0399REĐN8iI2E610148Đ3H84803180004008010080 49 5.2, SUDDESÍOTTSt680á6120510210015866000100000Đ101G9G0003Y51610078E50130297BE59)dg81100g940-I2Q8B388083)80.3a89028Q380880 and 49 APPENDIX ix LIST OF TABLE Trang Table 3. Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) (CCALP).- ch nhe 1g ViPS TSO GIG ¿sang si2Eg620858ã65305400352a8380252883.2882a25:534355233405846i798 19 COHEN ANON MG. Experimental setup to evaluate the effects of culturing time.
Experimental setup to evaluate the effects of nitrogen deficiency. Experimental setup to evaluate the effects of phosphorus deficiency. Experimental setup to evaluate the effects of 3-indole acetic acid (IAA) AMCNAMEN. eee eeeeeeseeseeeeeeesecseeeseesesseeseeeeeeessesseceesseceeesessessesaessecseseeessesseseseseeeeeesaeeaees 25 Table 3.
Levels of optimization for the three varIabÌes.- -- -- ¿+55 +++<<£+ex+esseesss 26 Table 4. Results of the experimental setup for optimizing the culture conditions. ANOVA analysis of the effects of the three factors on the objective function 47 Table 34. Optitnal culture CONGITIONG «sc sevcenccewsseesssvaessssseuseersoxvsoveenevanevessusenveresnseresveeweouss 48 LIST OE EIGURES Trang Figure 2.
obliquus microalgae cells under an optical microscope (Carlos et al. Chemical structure of chlorophyll (Mandal and Dutta, 2020). Lipid content from S. obliquus extracted using different methods.
C: chloroform, H: hexane, M: methanol. Different letters indicated statistically significant PTI [TH TD) scscssscrnasercsssanesicnoss eso a ces ac RO AS OR NEN 30 Figure 4. Standard curve showing the correlation between cell density and the absorbance at 680 nm wavelength of microalga S. obliquus cell density during 12 days of culture.
Jn the same sampling day, different letters indicated statistically significant differences (p < (. Dry biomass of S. obliquus after 12 days of culture. Different letters indicated StatistiGally SiONIfiCaTL-GIJEFENCES (TS.
Effect of nitrogen on lipid accumulation of S. obliquus after 12 days of culture. Different letters have statistically significant differences (p < 0. obliquus cell density during 12 days of culture.
Jn the same sampling day, different letters indicated statistically significant differences (p < 0. Effect of phosphorus on lipid accumulation of S. obliquus after 12-day of culture. Different letters have statistically significant differences (p < 0.
Effect of culturing time on cell density of S. In the same treatment, different letters indicated statistically significant differences (p < 0. Effect of culturing time on dry biomass of S. In the same treatment, different letters indicated statistically significant differences (p < 0.
Effects of IAA concentrations on the dry biomass of S. Different letters indicated statistically significant differences (p < (). Effect of IAA concentration on lipid content of S. Different letters indicated statistically significant differences (P~<0.
Optimal culture conditions as proposed by Minitab 21 software. Problem statement Fossil fuels are finite resources. Using fossil fuels for energy generation is the leading cause of air pollution and global warming (Klass, 2004). One of the most important dilemmas of the modern world is providing sufficient energy with minimal impact on the environment.
The use of biofuels to replace fossil fuels will not only contribute to reducing air pollution and preventing global warming but also help to be proactive about energy sources (Thanh ef al. Since then, the issue of needing to find bioenergy sources from this and other renewable biofuels is receiving more and more attention, research, and use, in which the highlight is biodiesel obtained from organic matter (Amaro et al.