Luận văn thạc sĩ về đánh giá nghèo đô thị đa chiều tại các thành phố trung tâm Việt Nam - Chương ...

Luận văn thạc sĩ nghiên cứu multidimensional urban poverty estimates in vietnamese central cities, đánh giá hiện trạng, phân tích vấn đề, đề xuất biện pháp hoàn thiện trong lĩnh

Chuyên ngành

Development Economics

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Thesis

2012

83
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

1. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Problem Statement

1.2. Research Objectives

1.3. Research questions

1.4. Research hypotheses

1.5. Methodology

1.6. Research scope

2. CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Basic concepts and definitions

2.2.1. Poverty

2.2.2. Absolute poverty

3. CHAPTER III: DATA AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. Measurement of poverty

3.2. Relative measurement by MPI

4. CHAPTER IV: MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY IN CENTRAL CITY

4.1. Overview of five central cities

4.2. Review of poverty in five urban central cities

4.3. The poverty head count ratio in money-metric measure

4.4. The poverty ratio by Head count H in MPI measure

4.5. Poverty comparison between money-metric and MPI

4.6. Comparison urban poverty ratio in central cities by MPI measure

4.7. Poverty comparison by indicators

5. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

LIST OF CHARTS

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

ACRONYMS

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS MULTIDIMENSIONAL URBAN POVERTY ESTIMATES IN VIETNAMESE CENTRAL CITIES BY NGUYEN VAN CUONG MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, JANUARY 2012 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS MULTIDIMENSIONAL URBAN POVERTY ESTIMATES IN VIETNAMESE CENTRAL CITIES A thesis submitted to partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By NGUYEN VAN CUONG Academic Supervisor: Dr. NGUYEN HUU DUNG HO CHI MINH CITY, JANUARY 2012 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The thesis has benefited from inputs and comments of many people who the author wishes to thank for their valuable contribution in various stages of the research. Nguyen Huu Dung (University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City - Viet Nam), who has been giving instructions and fruitful suggestions all the time of research for and writing of this thesis. Nguyen Chau Thoai (Ho Chi Minh University of Natural Resource and Environment - Viet Nam) who supported the author extracting the data from VHLSS 2008. Author would like to give the profound gratitude to his family and others giving great encouragement for study. In the end, author would like to express the warmest thanks to all beloved Professors in the Vietnam – The Netherlands Programme for Master Degree in Development Economic program who transferred the valuable knowledge during the course of study in MDE class 16. 3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT The thesis estimates multidimensional poverty in five urban central cities in Viet Nam, namely Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh, and Can Tho by applying a new approach developed by Alkire and Santos, using Vietnam Living Standard Survey in 2008. There are five dimensions considered for estimation in urban central city including education, health, standard of living, economic well-being, and employment labor. Findings shows that multidimensional poverty is significant high in central cites, especially in Ho Chi Minh City and that those multidimensional poor suffer from the high deprivation intensity of indicators as type of dwelling, underemployment, housing space, and working time. However, five urban central cities present non-depreciable level of deprivation in electricity. When weights derived from the author’s estimation, underemployment deprivation significantly increases its contribution as it receives a higher weight. The thesis suggested an alternative approach for national poverty measurement at multidimensional level as well as a tool for budget allocation. 4 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. 03 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Basic concepts and definitions . Comparison between absolute and relative measurement . Theoretical framework related to MPI . Empirical studies related to dimensions and indicators of poverty . 14 CHAPTER III: DATA AND METHODOLOGY 3. Measurement of poverty . Relative measurement by MPI . 27 CHAPTER IV: MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY IN CENTRAL CITY 4. Overview of five central cities . Review of poverty in five urban central cities . The poverty head count ratio in money-metric measure . 34 5 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. The poverty ratio by Head count H in MPI measure . Poverty comparison between money-metric and MPI . Comparison urban poverty ratio in central cities by MPI measure . Poverty comparison by indicators . 41 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 5. 72 6 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF CHARTS Chart 4.1: Poverty ratio by money-metric and MPI measure .2: Percentage of deprivation by indicator in urban central city .3: General poverty rate by urban and rural region .4: Poverty rate in central city in 2006 and 2008 .5: Comparison poverty rate between Head count H and Analytical result of GSO from VHLSS 2008 .6: Percentage of deprivation by indicator in each central city .7: Comparison GSO and author’s result by type of dwellings .8: Percentage of chronic sickness by city .9: Percentage of working time by city .10: Percentage of adult illiteracy by city.11: Percentage of underemployment by city .12: Percentage of drinking and cooking water by city.13: Percentage of assets by city .14: Percentage of home ownership by city .15: Percentage of years of schooling by city .16: Percentage of under-schooling 6 – 15 by city .17: Percentage of hospital payment by city .18: Percentage of average expenditure by city . 57 7 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1: General poverty line by Ministry of Labors, Invalids and Social Affair .2: Specific poverty line in five central cities .1: Dimensions, indicators, cutoffs and weights of the MPI .2: Number of surveyed households in five central cities .3: Indicators, definition, and file to extract indicators .1: The Head count H, average intensity of MPI poverty .2: Percentage of households having type of house .3: Percentage of households having type of house .4: Housing space per capita by type of house, city, and region .5: Housing space per capita by type of house, city, and region .6: Percentage of households using main sources of lighting .7: Percentage of households using main sources of lighting .8: Percentage of households having toilet by central city .9: Percentage of households having toilet by central city . 60 Figure 1: Diagram of components of the multidimensional poverty index from Alkire and Santos (2010) . 13 Figure 2: Diagram of dimensions and indicators of the MPI . 24 8 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACRONYMS ADB Agricultural Development Bank GSO General Statistics Office HDI Human Development Index HHP Household Prestige MDG Millennium Development Goal MPI Multidimensional Poverty Index OSS Occupational Status Score VHLSS Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey VND Vietnam Dongs 9 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 10 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. Problem Statement The “poverty” always appears into all historical periods of each country and each region. The poverty problems have been seen different perspectives. Many people from developing countries usually think that developed countries have the availability of enormous economic resources allowing these countries free of poor. In fact, the poverty is a global issue not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. For instance, the United State has over 12 percent of the population lives below the official poverty line and over one fifth of the children growing in officially poor family (Udaya Wagle, 2008). The developing countries have striven for poverty alleviation through many different subsidization policies and programs. Moreover, previous studies in developing countries often focused on rural areas to evaluate poverty, inequality, and household living standard by traditional money-metric measure. However, the researchers and policymakers have recognized that the poor suffer from not only income or expenditure below the poverty line but also other aspects. That’s why the researchers have tried to explore alternative approaches to define the poor into many aspects. These new approaches such as the Household Asset Index (Filmer and Pritchett 1998), the Occupational Status Score (OSS), the Household Prestige (HHP) Score, and the capital SES, The Human Poverty Index (OPHI and UNDP 2010) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (Alkire and Santos, 2010) have used to evaluate not only household living standard but socio-economic position, chronic poverty, deprivations as well. In particular, the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is the international measure used as an analytical tool to define the most vulnerable people, measure deprivations directly and discover the interconnections among severe deprivations that people face at the same time. The results of previous researches using MPI measure have showed the differences among 11 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com countries like Kerala, India that 16 percent of MPI poor people in comparison with 81 percent in the Indian state of Bihar. Especially MPI measure also provided the figure that about 1.7 billion people in the countries searched lives in multidimensional poverty. It exceeds the number of people in those countries estimated to live on US $1.25 a day or less with 1. The poverty researches in Vietnam like other developing countries have just concentrated on rural areas and defined determinants affecting poverty by traditional money-metric measures. On the other hand, there are a few urban poverty researches implemented. Therefore, urban poverty requires more attention from Vietnamese researchers and policymakers because of the recent issues of urbanization. Fast Urban population expansion causes the number of the poor bigger, many people live in slum of big city, expanding the gap and inequality between the rich and the poor. These issues will challenge significantly political conflict, uprising and social unstability in the future. In addition, Vietnamese researchers have just relied on money-metric measures to determine rural and urban poverty, with the exceptional of the research conducted by Asselin and Vu (2009) having utilized the alternative measure to define multidimensional poverty. This thesis implemented to examining the multidimensional urban poverty in five central cities in Viet Nam, including Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh and Can Tho, identifying deprivations of the poor, and suggesting recommendation for policymakers in setting appropriate policies, for effectively poverty reduction in the years to come. Research Objectives The thesis is conducted with the following objectives: (i) Identify the severe deprivations of the poor households in central cities and reveal interconnections among those deprivations. (ii) Identify the urban poverty ratio in central cities by MPI measure, and money-metric measure. 12 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (iii) Compare the urban poverty between five central cities by multidimensional poverty index (MPI) measure, and suggest recommendation for policymakers to reduce poverty in research areas. Research questions What deprivations affect mostly to urban poverty in five central cities in Viet Nam by MPI measure? Why is there the difference between poverty rate by MPI measure and money- metric measure? What do factors make the difference from poverty rate between five urban central cities in Viet Nam? 1. Research hypotheses The central hypothesis of the thesis is that urban poverty is similar among central cities and there are many factors affecting to multidimensional poverty in five central cities in Viet Nam. These factors include: years of schooling, under-schooling 6 – 15, adult illiteracy, hospital payment, working time, chronic sickness, electricity, sanitation, cooking and drinking water, housing area, home ownership, assets, type of dwelling, average expenditure per capita, and underemployment. Methodology The research employs MPI measure as the main tool to address the research question. The main data is the secondary data extracted from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) 2008 of Vietnamese General Statistics Office. Research scope The thesis focuses on urban poverty in five central cities in Vietnam including Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh and Can Tho only. Then only household’s data of the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey 2008 in those provinces are employed for the analysis. 13 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Introduction This chapter reviews literatures related to the “poverty” and consists of three major sections. Firstly, basic concepts and definitions of poverty are discussed clearly. Secondly, the theoretical framework related to Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) will be presented. Finally, empirical studies related to dimensions and indicators of poverty in Vietnam and some countries are discussed. Basic concepts and definitions 2.1 Poverty The concept of poverty is not so different in each country and also not a self- defining. Experts and academics have given many definitions about poverty over time. Poverty could be the lack of health care, nutrition, education, clean water, clothing, and shelter for basic living standard.

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