THIRD EDITION RESEARCH DESIGN ' ' I dedicate this book to Karen Drumm Creswell. She is the inspiration for my writing and my life. Because of her, as wife, supporter, and detailed and careful editor, I am able to work long hours and keep the home fires burning during the years that I devote to my job and my books. Thank you from the bottom of my heart for being there for me.
THIRD EDITION RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches JOHN W. CRESWELL UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN ~SAGE Los Angeles • London • New Delhi • Singapore Copyright© 2009 by SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilir.ed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical.
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ISBN 978-1-4129-6556-9 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-4129-6557-6 (pbk. Social sciences-Research-Methodology. Social sciences-Statistical methods. 72-dc22 2008006242 Printed on acid-free paper 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acquiring Editor: Vicki Knight Associate Editor: Sean Connelly Editorial Assistant: Lauren Habib Production Editor: Sarah K.
Quesenberry Copy Editor: Marilyn Power Scott Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Marleis Roberts Indexer: Rick Hurd Cover Designer: Janet Foulger Marketing Manager: Stephanie Adams Brief Contents Analytic Contents of Research Techniques XV Preface xix Acknowledgments xxvii About the Author xxix ~ Part 1: Preliminary Considerations 1. The Selection of a Research Design 3 2. Review of the Literature 23.
The Use of Theory 49 4. Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations 73 ~~; Part II. The Purpose Statement 111 7. Research Questions and Hypotheses 129 8.
Mixed Methods Procedures 203 Glossary 227 References 237 Author Index 247 Subject Index 251 Detailed Contents Analytic Contents ot Research Techniques XV Preface xix Purpose xix Audience XIX Format XX Outline of Chapters xxii Acknowledgments xxvii About the Author xxix ~"!:i Part 1: Preliminary ConsideraHons 1. The SelecHon of a Research Design 3 The Three Types of Designs 3 Three Components Involved in a Design 5 Philosophical Worldviews 5 The Postpositivist Worldview 6 The Social Constructivist Worldview 8 The Advocacy and Participatory Worldvlew 9 The Pragmatic Worldview 10 Strategies of Inquiry 11 Quantitative Strategies 12 Qualitative Strategies 12 Mixed Methods Strategies 14 Research Methods 15 Research Designs as Worldviews, Strategies. and Methods 16 Criteria for Selecting a Research Design 18 The Research Problem 18 Personal Experiences 19 Audience 19 Summary 20 Writing Exercises 20 Additional Readings 20 2. Review of the Literature 23 The Research Topic 23 The Literature Review 25 The Use of the Literature 26 Design Techniques 29 Steps in Conducting a Literature Review 29 Searching Computerized Databases 30 A Priority for Selecting Literature Material 32 A Literature Map of the Research 33 Abstracting Studies 36 • Example 2.1 Literature Review in a Quantitative Study 37 • Example 2.2 Literature Review in a Study Advancing a Typology 37 Style Manuals 38 The Definition ofTerms 39 • Example 2.3 Terms Defined in a Mixed Methods Dissertation 42 • Example 2.4 Terms Defined in an Independent Variables Section 43 A Quantitative or Mixed Methods Literature Review 43 ~mma~ e Writing Exercises 46 Additional Readings 46 3.
The Use of Theory 49 Quantitative Theo~ Use 49 Variables in Quantitative Research 49 Definition of a Theory 51 Forms of Theories 53 Placement of Quantitative Theories 55 Writing a Quantitative Theoretical Perspective 57 • Example 3.1 A Quantitative Theory Section 59 Qualitative Theory Use 61 Variation in Theory Use in Qualitative Research 61 Locating the Theo~ in Qualitative Research 65 • Example 3.2 A Thea~ Early in a Qualitative Study 65 • Example 3.3 A Thea~ at the End of a Qualitative Study 65 Mixed Methods Theo~ Use 66 • Example 3.4 Theo~ in a Transformative-Emancipatory Mixed Methods Study 69 Summa~ 69 Writing Exercises 70 Additional Readings 71 4. Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations 73 Writing the Proposal 73 Sections in a Proposal 73 Format for a Qualitative Proposal 74 • Example 4.1 A Qualitative Constructivist/ lnterpretivist Format 74 • Example 4.2 A Qualitative Advocacy/ Participatory Format 75 Format for a Quantitative Proposal 76 • Example 4.3 A Quantitative Format 76 Format for a Mixed Methods Proposal 77 • Example 4.4 A Mixed Methods Format 77 Designing the Sections of a Proposal 78 Writing Ideas 79 Writing as Thinking 79 The Habit of Writing 80 Readability of the Manuscript 82 • Example 4.5 An Illustration of the Hook-and-Eye Technique 84 Voice, Tense, and "Fat" 85 Ethical Issues to Anticipate 87 Ethical Issues in the Research Problem 88 Ethical Issues in the Purpose and Questions 88 Ethical Issues in Data Collection 89 Ethical Issues in Data Analysis and Interpretation 91 Ethical Issues in Writing and Disseminating the Research 92 Summary 93 Writing Exercises 93 Additional Readings 94 ~~ Part II: Designing Research 95 5. The Introduction 97 The Importance of Introductions 97 Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions 98 A Model for an Introduction 100 An Illustration 100 The Research Problem 102 Studies Addressing the Problem 104 Deficiencies in Past Literature 106 • Example 5.1 Deficiencies in the Literature-Needed Studies 106 a Example 5.2 Deficiencies in the Literature-Few Studies 107 Significance of a Study tor Audiences 107 a Example 5.3 Significance of the Study Stated in an Introduction to a Quantitative Study 108 Summary 108 Writing Exercises 109 Additional Readings 109 6. The Purpose Statement Ill Significance and Meaning of a Purpose Statement Ill A Qualitative Purpose Statement 112 a Example 6.1 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Phenomenology Study 114 a Example 6.2 A Purpose Statement in a Case Study 115 • Example 6.3 A Purpose Statement in an Ethnography 115 • Example 6.4 Grounded A Purpose Statement in a Theory Study 116 A Quantitative Purpose Statement 116 a Example 6.5 A Purpose Statement in a Published Survey Study 118 • Example 6.6 Survey A Purpose Statement in a Dissertation Study 119 a Example6.7 A Purpose Statement in an Experimental Study 120 A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement 120 a Example 6.8 A Concurrent Mixed Methods Purpose Statement 123 • Example 6.9 AMixed Sequential Methods Purpose Statement 124 • Example 6.1 0 AMixed Transformative Concurrent Methods Purpose Statement 125 Summary 125 Writing Exercises 126 Additional Readings 126 7.
Research Questions and Hypotheses 129 Qualitative Research Questions 129 a Example 7.1 A Qualitative Central Question From an Ethnography 131 • Example 7.2 Qualitative a Case Study Central Questions From 132 Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses 132 • Example 7.3 A Null Hypothesis 13~ • Example 7.~ Directional Hypotheses 13~ • Example 7.5 Nondirectional and Directional Hypotheses 135 • Example 7.6 Standard Use of Language in Hypotheses 136 A Model for Descriptive Questions and Hypotheses 136 • Example 7.7 Descriptive and Inferential Questions 136 Mixed Methods Research Questions and Hypotheses 138 • Example 7.8 Hypotheses and Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study 139 • Example 7.9 A Mixed Methods Question Written in Terms of Mixing Procedures 1~1 Summary 1~1 Writing Exercises 1~2 Additional Readings 1~2 8. Quantitative Methods 145 Defining Surveys and Experiments 1~5 Components of a Survey Method Plan 1~6 The Survey Design 1~6 The Population and Sample 1~7 Instrumentation 1~9 Variables in the Study 150 Data Analysis and Interpretation 151 • Example 8.1 A Survey Method Section 154 Components of an Experimental Method Plan 155 Participants 155 Vanables 157 Instrumentation and Materials 158 Experimental Procedures 158 • Example 8.2 Pre-Experimental Designs 160 • Example 8.3 Quasi-Experimental Designs 160 • Example 8.~ True Experimental Designs 161 • Example 8.5 Single-Subject Designs 162 Threats to Validity 162 The Procedure 165 Data Analysis 166 Interpreting Results 167 • Example 8.6 An Experimental Method Section 167 Summary 169 Writing Exercises 169 Additional Readings 170 9. Qualitative Procedures 173 The Characteristics of Qualitative Research 173 Strategies of Inquiry 176 The Researcher's Role 177 Data Collection Procedures 178 Data Recording Procedures 181 Data Analysis and Interpretation 183 Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability 190 The Qualitative Write-Up 193 a Example 9.1 Qualitative Procedures 194 Summary 201 Writing Exercises 202 Additional Readings 202 10. Mixed Methods Procedures 203 Components of Mixed Methods Procedures 203 The Nature of Mixed Methods Research 204 Types of Mixed Methods Strategies and Visual Models 206 Planning Mixed Methods Procedures 206 Timing 206 Weighting 206 Mixing 207 Theorizing or Transforming Perspectives 208 Alternative Strategies and Visual Models 208 Sequential Explanatory Strategy 211 Sequential Exploratory Strategy 211 Sequential Transformative Strategy 212 Concurrent Triangulation Strategy 213 Concurrent Embedded Strategy 214 Concurrent Transformative Strategy 215 Choosing a Mixed Methods Strategy 216 Data Collection Procedures 217 Data Analysis and Validation Procedures 218 Report Presentation Structure 220 Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures 220 a Example 10.1 A Sequential Strategy of Inquiry 221 a Example 10.2 A Concurrent Strategy of Inquiry 221 a Example 10.3 A Transformative Strategy of Inquiry 223 Summary 224 Writing Exercises 224 Additional Readings 225 Glossary 227 References 237 Author Index 247 Subject Index 251 Analytic Contents of Research Techniques Chapter 1.
The Selection of a Research Design e How to think about what design you should use e Identifying a worldview with which you are most comfortable • Defining the three types of research designs • How to choose which one of the three designs to use Chapter 2. Review of the Literature e How to assess whether your topic is researchable • The steps in conducting a literature review e Computerized databases available for reviewing the literature • Developing a priority for types of literature to review • How to design a literature map • How to write a good abstract of a research study • Important elements of a style manual to use • Types of terms to define e A model for writing a literature review Chapter 3. The Use of Theory e The types of variables in a quantitative study e A practical definition of a quantitative theory e A model for writing a theoretical perspective into a quantitative study using a script e Types of theories used in qualitative research XV xvi Research Design 0 Options for placing theories in a qualitative study o How to place a theoretical lens into a mixed methods stndy Chapter 4. Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations 0 Assessing how the structure of a proposal would differ depending on a qualitative.
quantitative, or mixed methods design 0 A writing strategy for drafting a proposal 0 Developing a habit of writing 0 Differences between umbrella thoughts. little thoughts, and attention thoughts in writing 0 The hook-and-eye technique for writing consistency 0 Principles of writing good prose 0 Ethics issues in the research process Chapter 5. The Introduction 0 Differences among quantitative. and mixed methods introductions 0 The deficiency model for writing an introduction 0 How to design a good narrative hook 0 How to identify and write a research problem 0 How to summarize literature about a research problem 0 Distinguishing among different types of deficiencies in past literature 0 Considering groups that may profit from your stndy Chapter 6.