THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING BUI THI NGOC KHUYEN FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO OF JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7340201 HO CHI MINH CITY - 2022 THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING BUI THI NGOC KHUYEN FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO OF JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7340201 INSTRUCTOR PHD. LE THANH NGOC HO CHI MINH CITY - 2022 ABSTRACT The capital adequacy ratio is one of the important criteria to assess the operational safety of banks. Banks' compliance with the minimum capital adequacy ratio has become more and more stringent in recent years. Therefore, this thesis aims to study the factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese joint- stock commercial banks.
The thesis is made based on panel data collected from financial statements and regular reports of 25 Vietnamese commercial banks in the period 2010-2020. The study studies 10 factors affecting the dependent variable and uses Pooled OLS, FEM, REM models, and finally chooses the REM model. The research results show that leverage ratio, loan loss reserves ratio, and economic growth, have a positive impact on the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese joint-stock commercial banks. In contrast, bank size, return on assets ratio, and liquidity ratio negatively affect the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese joint-stock commercial banks.
While the deposits ratio, loans ratio, inflation rate, and net interest margin are not statistically significant. On that basis, the author has proposed solutions to improve the capital adequacy ratio at Vietnamese joint-stock commercial banks. Key word: Capital adequacy ratio, Basel, Joint Stock Commercial Banks, Vietnam. i DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY My name is Bui Thi Ngoc Khuyen, a student in class HQ6–GE11, student number: 050606180168, Ho Chi Minh University of Banking.
I hereby declare that the topic of this thesis is the author's research work, the research results are truthful, in which there are no previously published contents or contents made by others, except for the fully cited citations in the thesis. Ho Chi Minh City, December 26th, 2022 Bui Thi Ngoc Khuyen ii ACKNOWLEGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude towards Ph. Le Thanh Ngoc for his dedication, patience, and support with me with good advice and guidance in the process of this study. Secondly, I would like to thank all Ho Chi Minh University of Banking's lecturers who have provided me with valuable knowledge as well as experience to help me obtain a solid academic foundation for future research, career practice, and workflow.
Finally, I would like to thank my friends and my family for their sharing and support throughout my Bachelor's program. However, due to the limitation of experience and time, the study cannot avoid certain drawbacks. All the comments and advice contributed by the examiners are gratefully welcomed and appreciated. Ho Chi Minh City, December 26th, 2022 Bui Thi Ngoc Khuyen iii CONTENTS ABSTRACT.i DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY.iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.viii LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS.
Reason for choosing the topic. Objects and research scope. Scientific and practical significance. Structure of the thesis.4 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1.
THEORETICAL BASIS AND OVERVIEW OF PRIOR STUDIES 6 2. theoretical basis of the capital adequacy ratio. The concept of the capital adequacy ratio. Measure the capital adequacy ratio.
Legal documents of the State Bank of Vietnam on CAR. Meaning of the capital adequacy ratio. Studies in the world.13 CONSCLUSION OF CHAPTER 2. Variable measurement and research hypothesis.
Return on assets (ROA). Loan loss reserves (LLR). Net interest margin (NIM). Regression methods and tests.
Ordinary least s quare method (OLS). Fixed Effect Model (FEM). Random Effect Model (REM). Model selection test.
Testing the appropriateness between the Pooled OLS and FEM. Testing the appropriateness between the FEM and REM. Testing the appropriateness between the Pooled OLS and REM.31 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
Check for multicollinearity. Pooled OLS regression model. Fixed effects model. Random effects model.
Choose the suitable model. Testing the appropriateness between the Pooled OLS and FEM. Testing the appropriateness between the FEM and REM. Testing the appropriateness between the Pooled OLS and REM.
Return on Assets (ROA). Loan loss reserves (LLR).46 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Limitations of the research and further research directions.
Limitations of the research. Further research directions.52 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 5.57 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CAR Capital Adequacy Ratio SIZE Bank size ROA Return on Assets ROE Return on equity LLR Loan Loss Reserves LIQ Liquidity ratio DEP Deposits ratio LOA Loans ratio LEV Leverage NIM Net interest margin NPL Non Performing Loan INF Inflation Rate GDP Gross domestic product OLS Ordinary Least Squares FEM Fixed Effect Model REM Random Effect Mode VIF Variance Inflation Factors FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Square GMM Generalized method of moments CPI Consumer Price Index vi LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS Name of tables and charts Page Table 2. Legal documents of the State Bank of Vietnam on CAR 8 15 Table 2. Summary of the results of previous studies 20 Diagram 3.
Research process Table 3. Variable names – measures and expectations among the 26 variables in the model Table 3. List of 25 joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam 28 Table 4. Descriptive statistics 33 Table 4.
Correlation matrix between variables 35 Table 4. Pooled OLS regression results 36 Table 4. FEM regression results 37 Table 4. REM regression results 38 Table 4.
Summary of regression results and model selection 39 Table 4. Summary of research results 40 Chart 4. Relationship between CAR and SIZE 42 Chart 4. Relationship between CAR and ROA 43 Chart 4.11 Relationship between CAR and LIQ 44 Chart 4.12 Relationship between CAR and LEV 45 Chart 4.13 Relationship between CAR and LLR 46 Chart 4.14 Relationship between CAR and GDP 47 ix CHAPTER 1.
Reason for choosing the topic In the context of the country's growing development and integration, the banking system becomes the lifeblood of the economy, which is one of the factors contributing to the development of the economy. Along with the country's high international integration, there has been an explosion in both the size and diversity of the banking system in the current period. However, that has hidden risks and great risks that directly affect the safety and soundness of the commercial banking system. Therefore, the bank administrators must maintain and emphasize the importance of the capital adequacy ratio in banking activities according to Basel standards to prevent bank failure and protect the interests of the depositor.
Currently, the researchers around the world are very interested in studying the risks and safety in the operation of the banking system. No exception with Vietnam, when commercial banks are racing to meet the capital adequacy ratio standards as prescribed by the State Bank of Vietnam as well as to meet the standards under the Basel accords, the study of the capital adequacy ratio becomes even more essentials. For those reasons, the author chooses " Factors affecting capital adequacy ratio of joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam " as the research topic. Overall objectives The study was conducted to test the impact of the factors on the capital adequacy ratio of the joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam.
From there, give the suggestions to improve the capital adequacy ratio of the joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam in the coming time. Detailed objectives Determining factors affecting capital adequacy ratio of joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam. 1 Evaluating the influence of these factors on the capital adequacy ratio of joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam. Providing the recommendations to improve the capital adequacy ratio for bank managers and policymakers.
Research questions To achieve the research objectives, the thesis focuses on answering the main research questions: What factors affect the capital adequacy ratio of of joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam? How influential are the factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio of the joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam? What solutions improve the capital adequacy ratio in the operation of the joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam? 1. Objects and research scope 1. Research object The object of this study is the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio of the joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam. Research scope Research space: In the research period up to 2020, there are currently 31 joint -stock commercial banks, however, the author only studies 25 banks because the data collected by some banks is incomplete.
Research time: The research data was collected from 2010 to the end of 2020. 11 years is a long enough time to reflect changes in the economy and is close to the present time. Research methods Qualitative research methods: Analyze and compare documents and studies related to the capital adequacy ratio, factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio. Quantitative research methods: The study used Stata 14 software to analyze the data.
The research used regression analysis of panel data by least squares method (POOLED OLS), random effects method (REM), and fixed effect method (FEM). In addition, the author checks the autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity if the FEM model is the chosen model. Then present the results and conclude the model. As a result, compare and contrast the research results with reality, thereby proposing the solutions to the research problems.
Scientific and practical significance 1. Scientific significance Systematize the theoretical basis related to the capital adequacy ratio of the commercial banks and serve as a reference for researchers and banks interested in capital adequacy ratio. Practical significance Research results provide empirical evidence on the positive and negative impacts of factors on the capital adequacy ratio of joint-stock commercial banks. Thereby, giving some recommendations to bank managers to improve the capital adequacy ratio in the future at Vietnamese joint-stock commercial banks.
Structure of the thesis Chapter 1. Introduction In chapter 1, the research provides an overview of the research topic, including the reason for choosing the topic, the research objectives and questions, the research object and scope, the research method, the scientific and practical significance. At the end of this chapter, an overview of the structure of the thesis will be presented. Theoretical basis and overview of prior studies 4 In this chapter, the author presents an overview of the theoretical basis of the capital adequacy ratio, which includes concept, measurement, and meaning.
Besides that, the author also reviews the previous empirical domestic and international studies. Chapter 3: Research Methods Chapter 3 will focus on clearing the research method of the topic, proposing the research hypotheses through the previous research, presenting collected data, research model, and research process. Chapter 4: Research results and discussion Chapter 4 will present the research results through analyzing and processing the collected data using Stata software, including: descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis and model selection test. From there, the author explains the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Chapter 5: Conclusions and recommendations In the last chapter of the thesis, the author will conclude on the factors as well as their impact on the capital adequacy ratio, thereby making recommendations to improve the capital adequacy ratio. In addition, present the limitations of the thesis and directions for the future researches. Research gap Up to now, most of the studies were mainly conducted in foreign countries, there were relatively few domestic studies on this topic. In addition, the research papers in Vietnam almost use the data series of commercial banks from 2000-to 2016.
Therefore, there is still a lack of empirical evidence from the results of multivariate regression analysis to provide more solid evidence for the relationship between the factors that can affect the capital adequacy ratio and the capital adequacy ratio of the joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam. 5 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1 In chapter 1, the author introduced the reason for choosing the topic, the overall objectives, the detailed objectives, the object and scope of the research, the research approaches, the structure of the research.