THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY MA. VIBARES DETERMINANTS OF THE USAGE OF E-CIGARETTES AMONG TEENAGERS IN THE PHILIPPINES AND VIETNAM: CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Agricultural Economics Faculty: Advanced Education Program Office Batch: K49 Thai Nguyen, 05/11/2022 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRAC Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Agricultural Economics Student name Ma. Divine Grace Balasbas Vibares Student ID DTN185425000 Thesis Title Determinants of the usage of e-cigarettes among teenagers in the Philippines and Vietnam: Supervisor (s) Ernoiz Antriyandarti Cross-sectional study Duong Hoai An Supervisor’s Signature Abstract: Teenagers' use of e-cigarettes (electronic cigarettes) has increased dramatically since their introduction. E-cigarettes were extremely popular among young adults as a result of the product's marketing strategy, which included taste, design, and promotions.
However, there have been few studies on what motivates young people in the Philippines and Vietnam to use electronic cigarettes. The current study was designed to examine the factors that influence e-cigarette use among teenagers in the Philippines and Vietnam. Due to the pandemic crisis, online-based survey questionnaires were conducted in the Philippines and Vietnam, with a total of 400 respondents gathered during data collection. The questionnaires were divided into five sections, approval of the respondents to conduct the survey, demographic characteristics, Electronic cigarette, determinant, influence, Philippines, psychosocial characteristics, behavioral characteristics, and other Keywords: Vietnam, teenager, adolescence.
Number of pages: 77 characteristics. These are the factors that were analyzed by the researcher while gathering the literature review. The collected data were performed using Date of 11/05/2022 SPSS Stata. Submission: Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the dependent variable and independent variables.
All variables were described using descriptive statistics, and determinants of the usage of e-cigarettes were interpreted using P-value (P<0.05), Odds Ratios, and 95% Confident Interval II (Upper bound, lower bound). The results of the analysis showed that parental smoking status, smoking susceptibility, advertisement, and parental care were Acknowledgement I like to show my gratitude and acknowledge for my supervisors, Ernoiz Antriyandarti and Duong Hoai An, for making this work possible. Thanks to their guidance and advice. I was able to complete every writing part of my thesis.
Secondly, I also want to thank my family for their unfailing help and patience as I did my research and wrote my thesis. Your prayers for me encouraged me to continue pushing myself beyond my control. Also, I wanted to thank my friends who had never left my side and helped me through. To my boyfriend, who helped me through the process, especially when I could not comprehend something, Thank you so much.
Lastly, I thank God for allowing me to go through this. Every day, I have felt Your guidance. I was able to complete my degree. For my future, I will continue to put my trust in you.
Signature III TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT. IV List of Figures. VI List of Tables (if necessary). VII List of Abbreviation.
Research questions and hypotheses. Overview of E-cigarettes and Negative Impact .2 Negative impact of e-cigarettes and trend among teenagers .3 Studies in the Philippines and Vietnam. Error! Bookmark not defined.2 Description of the determinants use of e-cigarettes among teenagers in the Philippines and Vietnam.3 Determinants of e-cigarettes usage among teenagers in the Philippines and Vietnam. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .1 Usage of E-cigarettes .2 Demographic characteristics that affects the usage of e-cigarettes among teenagers.3 Psychosocial characteristics that affects the usage of e-cigarettes among teenagers.4 Behavioral characteristics that affects the usage of e-cigarettes among teenagers.5 Other characteristics that affects the usage of e-cigarettes among teenagers.
58 LIST OF FIGURES. 64 LIST OF TABLES. The psychosocial characteristics (Depression) of the respondents upon the usage of e-cigarettes. The psychosocial characteristics (Impulsitivity) of the respondents upon the usage of e-cigarettes.
The psychosocial characteristics (Smoking susceptibility) of the respondents upon the usage of e-cigarettes. The behavioral characteristics of the respondents upon the usage of e-cigarettes. The other characteristics of the respondents upon the usage of e-cigarettes. 73 V LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 The usage of e-cigarettes among adolescence in the Philippines and Vietnam.
40 VI LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Demographic characteristics of adolescence in Vietnam and in the Philippines. 41 Table 2 Adolescent depression in Vietnam and the Philippines. 43 Table 3 Adolescent psychosocial characteristics of impulsivity in Vietnam and the Philippines. 44 Table 4 Adolescent smoking susceptibility in Vietnam and the Philippines.
44 Table 5 Behavioral characteristics of adolescence in Vietnam and in the Philippines. 45 Table 6 Other characteristics of adolescence in Vietnam and in the Philippines. 46 Table 7 SPSS used to generate the variables in the equation. 47 VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CI - Confidential Intervals ENDS- Electronic Nicotine Delivery System OR - Odds Ratio RRR - Relative Risks Ratio SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences WHO - World Health Organization X1- Gender of respondents X10 - Respondents’ outlook on e-cigarette usage X12- Teachers’ smoking status X13- Accessibility on e-cigarettes X14- Advertisement X16 - Parental care X17 - Respondents’ degree of closeness with their families X6 - Parents’ smoking status X7- Respondents’ Living with X910-- Respondents’ excessive eating X92 - Respondents’ getting irritated X98 - Respondents’ recreational drugs use X99 - Respondents’ recreational alcohol use VIII PART I.
Research rationale Electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems, were created in 2003 by a Chinese pharmacist named Hon Lik. The Ruyan Group, a Hong Kong manufacturer, introduced electronic cigarettes to the market for the first time in 2004 (Nguyen et al. As mentioned by Kinnunen et al. (2015), electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) or vape is a device operated by a battery that works by heating a liquid into an aerosol inhaled and exhaled by the user.
A liquid solution (e-liquid, e-juice) made of propylene glycol and other chemicals is vaporized by these products and then inhaled. Additionally, Kinnunen et al. (2015) mentioned that E-cigarettes are available in different colors, shapes, and flavors, which raise concern about their potential popularity among young people. Since a few years ago, electronic cigarettes have become increasingly popular, and this is the case that concerned the researchers the most.
Due to their increasing demand, e-cigarettes were very popular among young adults due to the marketing strategy of the product; taste, design, and promotions (Bigwanto et al. To satisfy consumer demand, e-cigarette companies were offering a variety of flavors. Flavor variability is a factor aspect of the e-cigarette market. (Czoli et al.
As mentioned by Czoli et al. (2016), consumers prefer products with more desirable features or attributes because they 1 are more convenient, which affects their purchasing decisions. Aside from that, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which became more widely available and well-liked recently, are promoted as harm-reduction alternatives to cigarette smoking. Camenga et al.
Additionally, a lack of knowledge about the possible smoking-related damage and good marketing exposure is one of the reasons for the higher risk of use (Zhu et al. As supported by Kinnunen et al. (2015) regarding the findings of National Youth Tobacco the USA, the number of middle and high school students were using e-cigarettes in 2011-2012 increases. According to Palipudi et al.
(2015), the findings showed that 818 500 people in four countries were currently using e-cigarettes.5%, Indonesia, and Qatar, people were all aware of electronic cigarettes. In addition, Nguyen et al. (2022) mentioned that in Europe and in the USA, there are about 10 million e-cigarette users. Furthermore, as indicated by Nguyen et al.6% of the target population had heard of e-cigarettes, 1.1% had used them, and 0.2% were currently using them, according to the GATS conducted in Vietnam in 2015 among people aged 15 and older.
Meanwhile, according to Solidum et al. (2022), a sizable percentage of 13– 15-year-olds in the Philippines use tobacco (12. Concerns have been raised recently by the emergence of a new tobacco-like product known as the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) or electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS). The quick increase in e-cigarette use and addiction among youth and their consequences for public health, as well as their accessibility and popularity worldwide, have sparked worries.
(Nguyen et al. According to Camenga et al. (2014), the focus has been on adolescent e-cigarette use since electronic cigarettes became extensively used in 2007, because e-cigarettes contained harmful ingredients namely; carcino genic nitrosamines, and toxic diethylene glycol) (Kinnunen et al. According to Qasim et al.
(2017), who supported the previous study, e-cigarettes also contain significant amounts of the toxicants nicotine, volatile organic compounds, and carbonyls. The youths' use of electronic cigarettes was very concerning because it might impact their health. Camenga et al. As indicated by Kinnunen et al.
(2015), teenagers who use nicotine-containing e-liquids will becoming dependent. Due to the plasticity of the developing brain during adolescence, nicotine may have long-lasting effects. Early research has, however, shown that compared to traditional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes have significantly fewer cytotoxic effects (Camenga et al. Despite having much lower levels of harmful toxins than tobacco smoke, it is still unknown how long-term use of electronic cigarettes will affect the health of adolescents (Czoli et al.
3, 292 teenagers between the ages of 13 and 15 died in The Philippines as a result of using e-cigarettes, with 270 (8.2%) dying from cancer, 244 (7.4%) from heart disease, and 35 (1.1%) from chronic pulmonary diseases. (Solidum et al., 2022) These raised an alarming case for the Philippines. People these days frequently enjoy modern cigarette products like e-cigarettes, heated tobacco items, and shisha. (Nguyen et al.
Meanwhile, in Vietnam, new types of cigarettes have grown in appeal among millennial, raising government agencies' awareness of the potential dangers of other tobacco products. (Nguyen et al., 2022) 3 E-cigarette use among minors has surged due to the misconception that they are safer than conventional cigarettes, which is disastrous for the next generation. Finding the factors that influence teen e-cigarette use will require more investigation. According to a 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 360,000 teens in the Philippines have tried using e-cigarettes.
Contrary to the Philippines, Vietnam has presented measures to raise tobacco pricing, outlaw electronic smoking, and tighten regulations on online cigarette advertisements in response to the alarming rise in young e-cigarette use. However, there hasn't been much research on what influences youths in the Philippines and Vietnam to use electronic cigarettes. This study will support the government's implementation and integration of policies regarding tobacco smoking or any types of nicotine-related devices. Secondly, the findings of this study will help medical organizations improve research on how tobacco products can help or mitigate depression.
Finally, the study will benefit tobacco manufacturers and farmers since the findings will contribute to a long-term and successful strategy to aid the developing nations harmed by the rise of electronic cigarettes. Research’s objectives The current study aims to identify the causes of e-cigarette use among teenagers in the Philippines and Vietnam and to examine the determinants that affect this behavior. Research questions and hypotheses The study questions in this analysis will be; • What are the factors that can affect the e-cigarette smoking among teenagers in the Philippines and Vietnam? • What are the determinants of the e-cigarette smoking among teenagers in the Philippines and Vietnam? Hypothesis for this research is the following: ⚫ Several factors were discovered among teenagers' use of e-cigarettes in the Philippines and Vietnam. ⚫ There are numerous determinants that influence adolescent use of E-cigarettes in the Philippines and Vietnam.
Limitations There are some limitations discovered. First, this study was too fixated on electronic cigarettes and placed a restricted concentration on regular cigarette smokers. Second, due to the Covid19 pandemic's unanticipated dawn, the sample size of respondents has shrunk. Third, there is a linguistic barrier between the respondents and the researcher in Vietnam.
Lastly, there are few studies on e-cigarette use in Vietnam. Definitions Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) - It is a battery-powered device that replicates the taste and feel of conventional cigarettes.
