ELUCIDATION OF KEY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION REAGENTS AND SOIL SYSTEMS By John Michael Harden A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering in the Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering Mississippi State, Mississippi May 2006 UMI Number: 3238927 Copyright 2006 by Harden, John Michael All rights reserved. UMI Microform 3238927 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved.
This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 Copyright by John Michael Harden 2006 ELUCIDATION OF KEY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION REAGENTS AND SOIL SYSTEMS By John Michael Harden Approved: _______________________________ ___________________________ Mark E. Schulz Adjunct Professor Dean Dave C.
Swalm School of Bagley College of Engineering Chemical Engineering (Committee Member) (Director of Dissertation and Advisor) ________________________________ ___________________________ Rafael Hernandez William Kingery Assistant Professor Professor Dave C. Swalm School of Plant and Soil Sciences Chemical Engineering (Committee Member) (Committee Member) _________________________________ ___________________________ Clifford E. King Professor and Director of Associate Dean of Research and Graduate Studies Graduate Studies of the Bagley Dave C. Swalm School of College of Engineering Chemical Engineering (Committee Member) Name: John Michael Harden Date of Degree: May 15, 2006 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Chemical Engineering Major Professor: Dr.
Zappi Title of Study: ELUCIDATION OF KEY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION REAGENTS AND SOIL SYSTEMS Pages in Study: 486 Candidate for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Many soil and aquifer systems in the United States have been subjected to chemical contamination from past industrial and military activities. While many remediation technologies are currently being applied, in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is one option that is often favored because of its potential for fast remediation times and high user control. This technology involves the direct injection of chemical oxidizers (e. hydrogen peroxide, ozone, or permanganate) into targeted contaminant zones within the subsurface, and it has been proven to be amenable to both BTEX compounds and other volatile organic compounds such as chlorinated solvents.
This study had several key objectives. Firstly, multiple soil samples, each containing an elevated level of a targeted chemical constituent, were successfully collected in order to provide a wide range of soil types in order to make important comparisons and correlations related to ISCO’s impacts. Secondly, the impact of common soil constituents on process reagent transport was studied in order to determine which soil constituents would act as primary hindrances for the transport of hydrogen peroxide and ozone into the subsurface. Thirdly, experiments were performed to pinpoint certain personnel safety threats such as excess oxygen and heat generation that might arise during process application.
Fourthly, the impact of ISCO process application on soil fabric properties was examined. Soil aerobic microbial populations, soil hydraulic conductivity, soil natural organic matter constituents, and soil adsorptive properties were all shown to be impacted following the application of chemical oxidizers. DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my family who has inspired me both personally and professionally to be the absolute best that I can be. This work would never have been possible without the support of my parents, Michael and Sharon; my sister, Rebecca; my grandparents, Nana, Papa, Mamoo, and Papa J; my great-grandmother, Moms; and three of my closest friends, Danny Chapman, Marilyn Lauderdale, and Jeremy Lokits, each of whom will forever be considered “family.” Everything that I have and will accomplish in life is because of their Christian love and support.
ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Author would like to thank the following committee members whose tireless efforts have made this work possible. Zappi, Advisor and Professor, Dean of Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Dr. Rafael Hernandez, Assistant Professor, Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University; Dr.
Kirk Schulz, Dean of Engineering, James Worth Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University; Dr. Clifford George, Professor, Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University; Dr. William Kingery, Professor, Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University.
The author would like to extend additional thanks to Dr. Todd French, Assistant Research Professor, Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, for his scientific and professional guidance. Additional thanks is due to employees of the Environmental Research and Development Center, most notably, Dr.
Beth Fleming, Denise MacMillan, and Scott Waisner. The Author also greatly appreciates the laboratory assistance provided by numerous undergraduate researchers who have supported this project. Finally, the author would like to thank the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program for their financial assistance in supporting this effort. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION.
iii LIST OF TABLES. xi LIST OF FIGURES. 2 Chemical Oxidizer Transport. 2 Chemical Oxidation Processes.
3 Chemical Oxidizer Types. 4 Pollutants Amenable to Treatment via ISCO. 7 Combination of ISCO with Bioremediation. 9 In Situ Chemical Oxidation Process Safety.
13 Objective 1: Collection of Soil Specimens. 13 Objective 2: Impact of Common Soil Constituents on Process Reagent Transport. 14 Objective 3: Investigation of Potential Personnel Safety Threats During Process Application. 14 Objective 4: Impact of Process Application on Soil Fabric Properties.
16 Introduction to In Situ Chemical Oxidation. 16 ISCO Technology Overview. 17 iv CHAPTER Page Delivery of Oxidants in ISCO Remediation. 18 Hydrogen Peroxide and Fenton’s Reagent.
19 Introduction to H2O2/Fenton’s Reaction. 19 Modified Fenton’s Reaction. 21 Optimum Conditions for Fenton’s Reaction. 23 Remediation of Pollutants Using Fenton’s Reaction.
24 Hydrogen Peroxide and Catalase. 27 Introduction to Ozone. 27 In Situ Ozonation. 27 Auto-Degradation of Ozone.
28 Reaction of Ozone with Organics. 30 Kinetics of Ozone Degradation in Soil and Groundwater. 33 Introduction to Peroxone. 33 Peroxone Reaction Mechanisms.
33 Additional Hydroxyl Radical Scavengers. 34 Soil Hydraulic Conductivity. 35 Measurement of Soil Hydraulic Conductivity. 35 Typical Values for Soil Hydraulic Conductivity.
38 2,4-Dichlorophenol as an Adsorbent. 39 Potential Impact of ISCO on Soil Adsorption. METHODS AND MATERIALS. 52 Soil and Equilibrated Water Characterization.
52 Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide. 52 Analysis of Ozone. 53 Analysis of pH. 55 v CHAPTER Page Analysis of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Methane.
55 Analysis of 2,4-Dichlorophenol. IMPACT OF SOIL CONSTITUENTS ON HYDROGEN PEROXIDE FATE. 63 Methods and Materials. 64 Kinetics of Hydrogen Peroxide Degradation.
64 Total Hydrogen Peroxide Demand. 66 Results and Discussion. 67 Analysis of Soil. 67 Analysis of Equilibrated Water.
68 Hydrogen Peroxide Reaction Kinetics. 68 Equilibrated Water Phase. 71 Hydrogen Peroxide Total Demands. 74 Equilibrated Water Phase.
76 Equilibrated Water/Soil H2O2 Demand Correlation. IMPACT OF SOIL CONSTITUENTS ON OZONE. 102 Methods and Materials. 103 Kinetics of Ozone Degradation.
103 Total Ozone Demand. 104 Results and Discussion. 106 Ozone Reaction Kinetics. 106 Equilibrated Water Phase.
109 Ozone Total Demands. 112 Equilibrated Water Phase. 115 Equilibrated Water/Soil O3 Demand Correlation. IMPACT OF SOIL CONSTITUENTS ON ACIDS AND BASES.
143 vi CHAPTER Page Methods and Materials. 144 Acid/Base Neutralization Capacity. 144 Soil Buffering Kinetics. 145 Total Acid/Base Demands.
146 Results and Discussion. 147 Acid/Base Neutralization Capacities. 147 Phosphoric Acid Buffering Kinetics. 147 Total H3PO4 Demands.
151 Sodium Hydroxide Buffering Kinetics. 153 Total NaOH Demands. IMPACT OF SOIL CONSTITUENTS ON SOIL TEMPERATURE AND O2 PRODUCTION. 181 Methods and Materials.
182 Fenton’s Reaction Temperature Profiles. 182 Oxygen Production from the Reaction of Hydrogen Peroxide. 183 Results and Discussion. 185 Temperature Response due to H2O2/Fenton’s Reaction.
185 Oxygen Production from Hydrogen Peroxide. 186 Oxygen Production Data Analysis. 186 Oxygen Production Results. KINETIC MODELING OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE FATE WITHIN SOILS.
197 Methods and Materials. 197 Results and Discussion. 198 Rate Law Development. 201 Steady State Approximation.
202 Application of the Proposed Kinetic Model. 206 Final Results and Discussion of the Proposed Kinetic Model. 206 Summary of the Proposed Kinetic Model. 208 vii CHAPTER Page X.
IMPACT OF IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION ON AEROBIC SOIL MICROBIAL POPULATIONS. 216 Methods and Materials. 216 Creation of Agar Plates. 219 Creation of Dilution Tubes.
220 Slurry Sampling and Dilutions. 220 Spreading of Samples onto Agar Plates. 221 Results and Discussion. 222 Impact of ISCO on Aerobic Populations.
223 Temperature’s Impact on Soil Aerobic Populations. IMPACT OF IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION ON SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY. 240 Methods and Materials. 240 Column Supplies for H2O2-based ISCO Treatments.
240 Column Assembly for H2O2-based ISCO Treatments. 241 Column Operating Conditions for H2O2-based ISCO Treatments. 242 Column Equilibration for H2O2-based ISCO Treatments. 243 Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity Changes due to H2O2-based ISCO.
243 Column Supplies and Assembly for O3-based ISCO Treatments. 245 Application of Ozone to Soil Column. 245 Startup Procedure for O3-based ISCO Treatments. 246 Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity Changes due to O3-based ISCO.
247 Results and Discussion. 248 Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity. 251 Impact of H2O2 and Fenton’s Reagent on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand. 252 Impact of H2O2 Addition and Fenton’s Reagent on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils.
254 viii CHAPTER Page Ozone-based Constant Head Column Design Results. 258 Impact of O3 and Peroxone on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils. 259 Summary of the Impact of ISCO on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity. IMPACT OF IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION ON SOIL ORGANIC COMPOSITION.
286 Methods and Materials. 287 Results and Discussion. 288 NMR Analytical Results. IMPACT OF IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION ON SOIL ADSORPTION PROPERTIES.
298 Methods and Materials. 301 Separation of Solid/Liquid Phases. 301 Results and Discussion. 301 Determination of the Freundlich Adsorption Coefficient.
301 Adsorption of 2,4-DCP onto the Ozonated Sand Control. 303 Results of the Impact of ISCO on Soil Adsorption Properties. 304 Summary of the Impact of ISCO on Soil Adsorption Properties. 319 Impact of Common Soil Constituents on Process Reagent Transport.
319 Investigation of Potential Personnel Safety on Threats During ix CHAPTER Page Process Application. 321 Impact of Process Application on Soil Fabric Properties. RAW DATA FOR H2O2 FATE. RAW DATA FOR OZONE FATE.
RAW DATA FOR SOIL pH BUFFERING. RAW DATA FOR OXYGEN PRODUCTION FROM H2O2. RAW DATA FOR IMPACT OF ISCO ON SOIL AEROBES. RAW DATA FOR IMPACT OF ISCO ON SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY.
RAW DATA FOR IMPACT OF ISCO ON SOIL ADSORPTION. 475 x LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 3.1 Thermodynamic Oxidation Potentials of Common Oxidizers (Siegrest et al., 2001; Hernandez et al.2 Summary of the Auto-decomposition Kinetics of Ozone in Water (Gurol and Singer, 1982) .3 Typical Ranges of Hydraulic Conductivity for Various Soil Types (LaGrega et al.4 Factors Affecting Adsorption of Organics (LaGrega et al.5 Chemical and Physical Properties of 2,4-Dichlorophenol (LaGrega et al.1 Nutrient Addition for Biologically Stimulated Soil.2 Properties of Iron (II) Sulfate Heptahydrate and Hydrogen Peroxide .3 GC Operating Conditions for Gas Analysis.4 HPLC Operating Parameters for 2,4-DCP Analysis.1 Physical Characterization of Experimental Soils.2 Chemical Characterization of Experimental Soils.3 Characterization Data for Equilibrated Water Samples.4 R2 Values for H2O2 Degradation in Equilibrated Water Based on First-Order Reaction Kinetics .5 R2 Values for H2O2 Degradation in Soil Based on First-Order Reaction Kinetics. 84 xi TABLE Page 6.1 Operating Conditions for the Ozone Generator During Kinetics & Total Demand Experiments.1 Acid Neutralization Experimental Matrix .2 Base Neutralization Experimental Matrix .3 H3PO4 Soil Buffering Kinetic Constants Data and R2 Values for Zero-Order Kinetics .4 H3PO4 Soil Buffering Kinetic Constants Data and R2 Values for First-Order Kinetics .5 H3PO4 Soil Buffering Kinetic Constants Data and R2 Values for Second-Order Kinetics.6 NaOH Soil Buffering Kinetic Constants Data and R2 Values for Zero-Order Kinetics .7 NaOH Soil Buffering Kinetic Constants Data and R2 Values for First-Order Kinetics .8 NaOH Soil Buffering Kinetic Constant Data and R2 Values for Second-Order Kinetics.1 H2O2 Rate Data Used in Langmuir-Hinshelwood Kinetic Model .