VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY TRAN QUOC TRUNG A STUDY ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE USING HIERARCHICAL POROUS MATERIALS DERIVED FROM AQUATIC WASTE NGHIÊN CỨU XỬ LÝ NƯỚC THẢI BẰNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP HẤP PHỤ SỬ DỤNG VẬT LIỆU LỖ XỐP TỪ PHẾ THẢI THỦY HẢI SẢN Major: Chemical Engineering Major code: 8520301 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, June 2024 THIS THESIS IS COMPLETED AT HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU-HCM Supervisor: Supervisor 1: Dr. Phung Thanh Khoa, Ph. Dao Thi Kim Thoa, Ph. Nguyen Huu Luong, Ph.
Nguyen Minh Huan, Ph.D This master’s thesis is defended at HCM City University of Technology, VNU- HCM City on June, 12nd 2024 Master’s Thesis Committee: 1. Chair of Thesis Committee: Prof. Luu Cam Loc, Ph. Nguyen Huu Luong, Ph.
Nguyen Minh Huan, Ph. Member of Thesis Committee: Dr. Luu Xuan Cuong, Ph. Secretary of Thesis Committee: Dr.
Nguyen Thanh Duy Quang, Ph. Approval of the Chair of Master’s Thesis Committee and Dean of Faculty of Chemical Engineering after the thesis being corrected. CHAIR OF THESIS COMMITTEE DEAN OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENINEERING VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Independence – Freedom – Happiness TASK SHEET OF MASTER ‘S THESIS Full name: TRAN QUOC TRUNG Student ID: 2370091 Day of birth: 15/10/2001 Place of birth: Ba Ria - Vung Tau Major: Chemical Engineering Major ID: 8520301 1. Name of dissertation: In English: A study on wastewater treatment by adsorption technique using hierarchical porous materials derived from aquatic waste.
In Vietnamese: Nghiên cứu xử lý nước thải bằng phương pháp hấp phụ sử dụng vật liệu lỗ xốp từ phế thải thủy hải sản. Dissertation objectives - Content 1: Producing activated carbon from shrimp shells by activating using KOH - Content 2: Characterizing the synthesized activated carbons by different analytical methods - Content 3: Investigating the adsorption capacity of the synthesized activated carbons 3. Start date: January, 2024 4. Finish date: May, 2024 5.
Phung Thanh Khoa International University – VNU HCM Dr. Dao Thi Kim Thoa Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology This dissertation was approved by the Department of Petroleum Processing Engineering. Ho Chi Minh, May 18th 2024 SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DEAN OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have successfully concluded my academic training through the completion of this thesis, which has provided me with an in-depth comprehension of both theoretical foundations and practical applications. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have contributed to the completion of my thesis and offered their unwavering support.
First and foremost, I am profoundly grateful to my family. Their unwavering love and encouragement have been instrumental in helping me surmount challenges and achieve success in various aspects of my life. I extend my sincere appreciation to Dr. Phung Thanh Khoa from International University - Vietnam National University HCMC and Dr.
Dao Thi Kim Thoa for their invaluable guidance in the field of petroleum synthesis, provision of essential resources, and passionate insights that have significantly enhanced the quality of my Master’s thesis. Without their guidance and unwavering support, the completion of my thesis would not have been possible. I am also deeply grateful to my fellow researchers, whose support extended beyond providing crucial training advice to offering exceptional inspiration in various domains. The time spent working alongside them in the laboratory has been a truly enriching and enjoyable experience.
These memories shall forever remain a cherished treasure throughout my life. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to the faculty members of the Department of Petroleum Processing Engineering within the Faculty of Chemical Engineering at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology. Their dedication in creating a conducive learning environment has played a pivotal role in facilitating our four-year university journey. Ho Chi Minh City, May 2024 Tran Quoc Trung i ABSTRACT Adsorption is one of promising methods to treat wastewater into clean water by adsorbing impurities.
In this thesis, the adsorption of impurities include heavy metals and dye was performed using porous activated carbon from shrimp shells. The adsorption experiments were carried out at room temperature with different adsorption parameters including time, pH and initial concentrations. The goal of the study was to determine the effects of key factors such as adsorption duration, pH and initial concentration on the adsorption capacity. Porous activated carbon was synthesized via two stages using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as activating agent.
Specifically, biochar was produced by the carbonization of shrimp shells in nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 600 oC within 2 hours at the first stage. Then, the biochar underwent an activation process by activating agent (KOH) in nitrogen atmosphere as well at 750 oC at the second stages. The activated carbon material was characterized by using Scanning electron microscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy, and N2 physical adsorption. The results showed that activated carbon (ACSS-2) with the KOH/biochar ratio of 2:1 and activation within 1.5 hours provided the highest adsorption capacity, and this activated carbon had the highest specific surface area of 2291.
The maximum adsorption capacity of Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+ ions, methylene blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) was 66.80 mg/g, 5000 mg/g, and 1428.6 mg/g, respectively, over ACSS-2 material. The ACSS-2 material was a excellent material not only for heavy metal adsorption, but also for dye adsorption, especially for cationic dye such as MB. The activated carbon synthesized was an excellent option for adsorbing dye and heavy metals due to its high adsorption capacity as well as the possibility of reuse after adsorbing dye proving by decreasing only 50% of its maximum capacity for MB after five regeneration cycles, while CR showed a 50% reduction after four cycles. ii TÓM TẮT Hấp phụ là một trong những phương pháp hứa hẹn để xử lý nước thải thành nước sạch bằng cách hấp phụ các tạp chất.
Trong luận án này, việc hấp phụ các tạp chất bao gồm kim loại nặng và thuốc nhuộm đã được thực hiện bằng cách sử dụng than hoạt tính lỗ xốp từ vỏ tôm. Các thí nghiệm hấp phụ được thực hiện ở nhiệt độ phòng với các thông số hấp phụ khác nhau bao gồm thời gian, pH và nồng độ ban đầu. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu là xác định ảnh hưởng của các yếu tố chính như thời gian hấp phụ, pH và nồng độ ban đầu đến khả năng hấp phụ. Than hoạt tính xốp được tổng hợp thông qua hai giai đoạn sử dụng potassium hydroxide (KOH) như tác nhân hoạt hóa.
Cụ thể, than sinh học được sản xuất bằng cách cacbon hóa vỏ tôm trong môi trường nitơ ở nhiệt độ 600oC trong 2 giờ ở giai đoạn đầu. Sau đó, than sinh học trải qua quá trình hoạt hóa bằng tác nhân hoạt hóa (KOH) trong môi trường nitơ ở 750oC ở giai đoạn thứ hai. Vật liệu than hoạt tính được đặc trưng bằng cách sử dụng kính hiển vi điện tử quét, phổ tán xạ năng lượng tia X, nhiễu xạ tia X, kính hiển vi truyền qua và hấp phụ vật lý N2. Kết quả cho thấy, than hoạt tính (ACSS-2) với tỷ lệ KOH/than sinh học là 2:1 và hoạt hoá trong 1,5 giờ có khả năng hấp phụ cao nhất, và có diện tích bề mặt riêng cao nhất là 2291,3 m2/g.
Khả năng hấp phụ tối đa của các ion Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, methylene blue (MB) và Congo Red (CR) lần lượt là 66,67 mg/g, 68,03 mg/g, 57,80 mg/g, 5000 mg/g và 1428,6 mg/g, trên vật liệu ACSS-2. Vật liệu ACSS-2 là một vật liệu tuyệt vời không chỉ cho hấp phụ kim loại nặng mà còn cho hấp phụ thuốc nhuộm, đặc biệt là thuốc nhuộm cation như MB. Than hoạt tính được tổng hợp là một lựa chọn hoàn hảo để hấp phụ thuốc nhuộm và kim loại nặng nhờ khả năng hấp phụ cao cũng như khả năng tái sử dụng sau khi hấp phụ thuốc nhuộm, đã chứng minh và cho ra kết quả chỉ giảm 50% dung lượng hấp phụ tối đa của nó đối với MB sau năm chu kỳ tái sinh, trong khi CR cho thấy giảm 50% sau bốn chu kỳ. iii COMMITMENT OF THESIS' AUTHOR I hereby declare that this thesis is my individual work, without any other resources than those specified in this thesis.
Citations and statements taken from other publications, either literally or analogously are cited according to regulations. All the results and data presented in this research are honest and have not been published under any form. Tran Quoc Trung iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. iii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP .iv LIST OF FIGURES.
viii LIST OF TABLES. 1 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW. Overview of water pollution. Heavy metals contamination.
Organic dyes contamination. Contaminant removal methods. General introduction of AC. Characteristics of AC.
Applications of AC. Heavy metal adsorption by AC. Dye adsorption by AC. Objective of the thesis.
16 CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTAL SECTION. Preparations of –activated carbon materials. Characterization and analysis. Scanning Electron Microscope method – SEM-EDS.
Nitrogen physisorption analysis. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy method UV-VIS. Point of zero charge (pHpzc). Chemicals and instrumentations.
The adsorption of Fe3+ solution. The adsorption of Cu2+ ions. The adsorption of Ni2+ ions. Dye adsorption study.
Reusability of adsorbent .30 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The physicochemical properties of material samples. Surface area and pore struture studies. Material synthesis efficiency.
The adsorption capacity of activated carbon on heavy metals. Fe(III) adsorption capacity. Adsorption studies on Cu(II) and Ni(II). Adsorption study of ACSS-1 and ACSS-2 on Congo Red and Methylene Blue.
Adsorption kinetics of ACSS-1 and ACSS-2 on CR and MB adsorption. Adsorption isotherms of ACSS-1 and ACSS-2 on CR and MB adsorption .78 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION. 83 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure. Experimental process of preparation of activated carbon from shrimp shells.
Standard curve equation of Fe3+. SEM analyses for the surface morphology of ACSS-1 (a, b), ACSS-2 (c, d), and un-activating sample ACSS-0 (e, f). TEM analyses of ACSS-2. XRD results of ACSS-0, ACSS-1, and ACSS-2.
BET isotherms of ACSS-1 and ACSS-2. Pore Diameter Distribution of ACSS-1. Pore diameter distribution of ACSS-2. Effect of time on Fe3+ adsorption capacity.
Effect of initial concentration on adsorption capacity. Effect of initial concentration on adsorption efficiency. Effect of pH on Fe3+ adsorption capacity and % removal at optimal condition (C0: 27.73 mg/L, t: 40mins, temperature: 25 ± 1oC). Pseudo-1st order adsorption kinetic model for Fe(III) removal onto ACSS-2 at required conditions (pH: 3, C0 : 27.73 mg/L, temperature: 25 ± 1oC).
Pseudo-2nd order adsorption kinetic model for Fe(III) removal onto ACSS-2 at required conditions (pH: 3, C0 : 27.73 mg/L, temperature: 25 ± 1oC). Elovich adsorption kinetic model for Fe(III) removal onto ACSS-2 at required conditions (pH = 3, C0 = 27.73 mg/L, temperature: 25 ± 1oC). Langmuir adsorption isotherm for Fe(III) removal onto ACSS-2 at required conditions (pH: 3, Ca: (27.30) mg/L, temperature: 25 ± 1oC). Freundlich adsorption isotherm for Fe(III) removal onto ACSS-2 at required conditions (pH: 3, Ca: (27.30) mg/L, temperature: 25 ± 1oC).
Effect of adsorption time on (a) Cu(II) and (b) Ni(II) removal onto ACSS-1 and ACSS-2 at required conditions (C0: 200 mg/L, temperature: 25 ± 1oC)54 Figure. Effect of initial concentration on (a) Cu(II) and (b) Ni(II) removal onto ACSS-1 and ACSS-2 at required conditions (t: 25 mins , temperature: 25 ± 1oC). Langmuir adsorption isotherm for (a) Cu(II) and (b) Ni(II) removal onto ACSS-1 and ACSS-2 at room temperature: 25 ± 1oC for 25 minutes.