BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ DÀO TẠO ĐẠI HỌC KINH TÉ TP. HÒ CHÍ MINH BÁO CÁO TỐNG KÉT ĐÈ TÀI NGHIÊN cứu KHOA HỌC THAM GIA XÉT GIẢI THƯỞNG "NHÀ NGHIÊN CỨU TRẺ UEH" NĂM 2024 Academic Procrastination Among Undergraduates Across Contexts: The Roles of Group size, Individual versus Group work and GPAs Thuộc nhóm chuyên ngành: Thương mại - Quán trị kinh doanh Ho Chi Minh, tháng 02/2024 Abstract This research investigates academic procrastination in undergraduates, examining how group size, level of interdependence (individual or group work), and academic performance (measured by GPAs) interplay. Academic procrastination is crucial for student success, and our diverse sample across academic contexts employs a mixed- methods approach, utilizing surveys. To verify the hypotheses, two separate studies were carried out by a total of 132 undergraduates from colleges and universities in HCMC.
In the first study, it aimed to determine an appropriate range for defining “smair and 'large” groups based on the perceptions of the respondents and the relationship between interdependence in group activities and academic procrastination. The results highlight that group size had a positive significant effect on students' perceived interdependence, which moderates the negative relationship between interdependence and academic procrastination. Study 2 aimed to investigate the relationship between Interdependence, Commitment, Perceived Accountability, GPAs and Procrastination. Our study highlights a unique aspect of the negative impact of Perceived Accountability on Procrastination.
The control variables included in the study did not demonstrate significant impacts, underscoring the robust influence of Perceived Accountability. Findings also underscore the positive impact of interdependence in boosting perceived accountability and commitment. Moreover, students with higher GPAs, who presumably possess a stronger sense of accountability, are less likely to procrastinate on academic tasks. In summary, the research emphasizes the value of promoting interdependence, commitment and accountability within groups to decrease procrastination.
By comprehending the multifaceted nature of academic procrastination, educators and policymakers can develop targeted interventions to alleviate procrastination tendencies, ultimately creating a more conducive learning environment for undergraduates. Keywords: Academic procrastination, undergraduates, interdependence, group size, individual vs group work, GPAs Table of Contents Abstract.1 Table of Contents.2 List of Tables. 5 List of Figures. 6 List of abbreviations.
Background of the study. Define of the research problem.5 Research subject and scope.1 Related research articles. Social interdependence theory. The role of self - esteem theory.
Self - efficacy beliefs theory. Definition of concepts. Grade Point Average (GPAs). Research method and results.
Study 1: Group size, Interdependence andProcrastination. Participants and survey procedure. Discussion of Study 1. Study 2: Interdependence, Commitment, Perceived Accountability, GPAs and Procrastination.
Participants and survey procedure. Discussion of Study 2. Conclusions and recommendations. Conclusions about hypothesis and research problem.2 Contributions to the literature.
Limitation & Further research. 73 List of Tables Table 1. Literature review------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Table 2. Respondents' information of Study 1---------------------------------------------- 37 Table 3.
Factor analysis and reliability test results of study 1---------------------------- 39 Table 4. The One-way ANOVA results of study 1----------------------------------------- 42 Table 5. The regression results of study 1 (Dependent variable: Procrastination) —46 Table 6. Respondents' information of Study 2---------------------------------------------- 52 Table 7.
Factor analysis and reliability test results of study 2---------------------------- 53 Table 8. The Two-way ANCOVA results of study 2--------------------------------------- 57 Table 9. Assessment of the hypotheses--------------------------------------------------------62 List of Figures Figure 1. Proposed research model.
Students' interdependence (a) and procrastination (b) in small vs. large group size. Visualization of moderating effect of GPAs. 63 List of abbreviations No.
Abbreviations Words i GPA Grade Point Average 2 CL Collaborative Learning 3 SIT Social Interdependence Theory 4 CGPA Cumulative Grade Point Average 5 HCMC Ho Chi Minh City 6 ID Interdependence 7 PC Procrastination 8 VIF Variance Inflation Factor 9 GS Group size 10 PA Perceived Accountability 11 PC Procrastination 12 SD Standard Deviation 13 CI Confidence Interval 1 1. Background of the study Procrastination is formally defined as the voluntary and unnecessary delay of a given intended action, despite the expectation of unpleasant and/or negative consequences (Steel, 2007). Moreover, procrastination has been studied with respect to behaviors in various life domains, such as activities in the academic, daily learning routine, or health areas (Goroshit & Hen, 2019; Loeffler et al., 2019; Johansson el al., 2023) Among these, academic procrastination is a well-researched type of procrastination that has often revealed inconsistent findings regarding its’ reasons and consequences (Kim & Seo, 2015; Klingsieck, 2013). Numerous students suffer from academic procrastination; it is a common problem and phenomenon in academic settings.
Many previous researchers have analyzed its relationships with other factors (Tao et al. It is usually perceived as a state-related behavioral type of procrastination, defined as the "voluntary delay of an intended course of study-related action, despite expecting to be worse off for the delay (Steel & Klingsieck, 2016). Besides, academic procrastination is also understood as the postponement of academic tasks despite the possibility of negative consequences, with an estimated 46% of undergraduate students and 60% of graduate students regularly engaging in this behavior (Rahimi & Hall, 2021). The participants showed high levels of academic procrastination, the majority of them reaching problematic levels, indicating that academic procrastination is a widespread problem among undergraduate students (Eisenbeck et al.
Students who had the tendency to procrastinate in general, or their academic obligations, in particular, reported less psychological well-being, more anxiety, more psychological distress, less emotional ties, less general positive affect, more loss of behavioral and emotional control, more depressive symptoms and less life satisfaction (Maria-Ioanna & Patra, 2020). On the other hand, engaging in problematic procrastination might be 2 delaying their academic tasks not only because they experience negative emotional states, but because they have a pattern of reacting to such experiences with avoidance. These students may respond to their negative emotions with acceptance, sustaining their focus on what really matters in their lives despite the presence of psychological distress (Eisenbeck et al. To explore the reason of procrastination among undergraduates, another study examined whether individual differences in academic procrastination uniquely predict the extent to which students successfully achieve their self-generated academic goals, above and beyond the influence of other relevant correlates (Gustavson & Miyake, 2017).
Levels of academic procrastination were significantly associated with the accomplishment of academic goals that subjects generated themselves in light of their specific academic needs and formulated in the form of explicit verbal descriptions (Gustavson & Miyake, 2017). Furthermore, level of procrastination might be more harmful for these students' academic performance, finding also showed a negative effect of academic procrastination on GPA (Goroshit & Hen, 2019). According to Grund & Fries, (2018), individuals may delay tasks either because they prefer well-being over achievement values, or because studying does not provide opportunities to feel self determined Some studies show lower state procrastination in group work with interdependence compared to individual work, especially in participants with high trait procrastination. This difference is more pronounced when interdependence is accompanied by an active commitment to finish the task on time (Koppenborg & Klingsieck, 2022).
Group work with an indispensable contribution is identified as a prominent source of increased individual effort and performance, and, potentially, changes in positive and negative affect. Therefore, the aforementioned reasons inspire us to conduct this study. Define of the research problem Many studies imply that academic procrastination is a common problem among college students, affecting their academic performance and overall health (Bhat, s. Therefore, understanding the factors that contribute to procrastination is important for developing effective interventions.
Studies by (Sparfeldt & Schwabe, 2024) highlight the prevalence of procrastination and the need for targeted investigation of its underlying factors. However, most research on the antecedents and correlates of academic procrastination has primarily focused on individual factors such as personality traits and motivational aspects ( Steel & Klingsieck, 2016; Klingsieck, 2013). This has created the notion that academic procrastination mainly comes from the individual. Therefore, most interventions focus on changing factors within the individual (e., time management skills, identifying and correcting dysfunctional thoughts (Van Eerde & Klingsieck, 2018).
Only a few studies have addressed aspects related to the situation (e., stimulus control to avoid distraction), social environment (Chen et al., 2016), and group dynamics that may result from interdependence (Nordby et al. As education increasingly adopts collaborative approaches, understanding how' interdependence affects procrastination is critical to designing effective learning environments. Furthermore, the influence of group size on academic procrastination is an aspect that has not been fully addressed and it is essential to understand whether larger or smaller groups contribute to procrastination tendencies. As universities increasingly emphasize collaborative learning in educational settings, group dynamics play an important role in student engagement and task completion.
There is a gap in the understanding of the correlation between GPA and procrastination tendency, and exploring this relationship could provide insight into the academic behavior of high- achieving students. Research that delves into the role of commitment in academic procrastination and understanding how commitment levels influence task completion 4 can guide interventions. Investigating how accountabilities influence student behavior can provide actionable insights for educators and policymakers. Accordingly, we conducted this study to address the pressing issue of academic procrastination, filling gaps in the literature on interdependence, group size, GPA, commitment, and accountability, while providing targeted interventions to improve student outcomes in higher education.
Research question The primary objective of this research is to understand the impact of various contextual factors that contribute to academic procrastination among undergraduates, including Interdependence, Commitment, Accountability, Group size and GPAs. In other words, this study's problem is to provide comprehensive insights into those below overarching research questions, aiming to achieve a consolidated understanding of the subject matter: - How does the higher or lower interdependence affect the level of undergraduates’ academic procrastination under the moderated impact of group size? - How does the higher or lower interdependence affect the level of undergraduates' commitment and accountability? - What is the correlation between commitment and undergraduates's academic procrastination? - What is the correlation between accountability and undergraduates's academic procrastination in the context of academic grades? 1. Research objectives By addressing the above issues and conducting a comprehensive discussion and analysis, the main purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate the influences of contextual factors (interdependence, commitment, accountability, group size and GPAs), as well as exploring the way those factors affect and moderate the impact of 5 each other. Based on this background, our research project has three primary goals that we need to accomplish: - Assess and analyze the impact of circumstantial factors on academic procrastination among undergraduates.
- Clarify the important role of moderated factors (Group size and GPAs) in promoting this effect. - Providing recommendations and targeted interventions to reduce academic procrastination and improve student results in higher education.5 Research subject and scope 1. Research subjects An Analysis of Academic Procrastination Among Undergraduates Across Contexts through studying each of the following influences: - Direct effect of Interdependence on students' Academic Procrastination; - Indirect effect of Interdependence on students' Academic Procrastination through Commitment; - Indirect effects of Interdependence on students' Academic Procrastination through Accountability; - Serial indirect effects of Interdependence on students' Academic Procrastination through Commitment and Accountability; - Moderating effect of Group size on the relationship between Interdependence and students' Academic Procrastination; - Moderating effect of GPAs on the relationship between Accountability and students' Academic Procrastination. Research object All of the students/trainees at University/College in the city.
HCM in Ho Chi Minh City. Research scope In Ho Chi Minh City.1 Related research articles Table 1. Literature review 7 No Study Theory Research subject Findings Limitation • 1 Koppenb Social One social factor Lower procrastination This study only or and Interdepe influence and higher included Klingsicc ndcncc procrastination, is performance were participants who k, 2022 Theory group work among found in group work procrastinate students with an indispensable habitually (i., who contribution as have high levels of compared to individual trait procrastination) work.