MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS Title: TAXONOMY AND CONSERVATION OF JUGLANDACEAE IN CUC PHUONG NATIONAL PARK Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Supervisor: Assoc. Hoang Van Sam Student: Dao Thi Duong Student ID: 1453090979 Class: K59B Natural Resources Management Course: 2014 - 2018 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Ha Noi, 2018 Table of Contents ACRONYMS LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABSTRACT I. OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH .2 Research in Vietnam .3 Research in Cuc Phuong Park. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES .2 Economic - Social conditions.
Secondary data collection. Field Investigation Method. Non-Field Investigation Method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Species composition of the family Juglandaceae at Cuc Phuong National Forest.
Some basic biological and ecological characteristics of Junglandace in CPNP .1 Pteracarya tonkinensis Dode .2 Alfaroa roxburghiana (Lindl.3 Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc. Carya sinensis Dode .4 Current status of conservation and development of Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park .2 Management and conservation of resources .3 Assessment the individual's changes of Juglandaceae. Solution for conservation solutions for Juglandaceae species in Cuc Phuong National Park .2 Social-economic solutions.3 Solutions of mechanism and policies to attract investment.4 Completing the institution, policy, and law. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.
63 ACRONYMS CPNP Cuc Phuong National Park IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature EN Endangered Carya Carya sinenesis Hvn Height Hdc Height under canopy D1.3 Diameter at breast height Dcrown Crown diameter LIST OF FIGURE Figure 4.1: Cuc Phuong National Park .2: Location of Cuc Phuong National Park in the system of nature reserves of Vietnam.1: Plots in transect lines.1: Distribution of Carya sinenesis map .2: Regeneration of Carya sinensis. 39 LIST OF TABLE Table 6.1: Species composition of Juglandaceae .2: The distribution of Carya sinensis Dode .3: The results of stem investigation .4: The size of leaflet in different position in compound leaf .5: The size of leaflet in different position of compound leaves .6: The number of regeneration in natural and plantation forest .7 Regeneration in three locations .8: Some criteria‟s of species belong to regeneration composition .9: Stand volume in nine plots .10: Volume, Diameter of canopy, the number of individuals of 6 species .11: Partners of Carya trees in plots.12: The percentage of canopy cover in nine plots .13: Investigation shrub and herb species. 14: Assess the change level of species belong to Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park over past 3 years. 54 ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I am grateful to teachers of Vietnam National University of Forestry for supporting us to complete this research.
I am deeply indebted to our supervisor Assoc. Hoang Van Sam who always supported us and gave motives and suggested valuable ideas to help us to accomplish this thesis. I would like to acknowledge all the members of Experiments and Practicing Center of Forest Resource and Environment Management Faculty for facilitating necessary equipment and providing us documents. I take this opportunity to record our sincere thanks to all the members of the Faculty of Forest Resource and Environment Management for their help and encouragement.
Thank Cuc Phuong National Park, Ninh Binh province management and local people for helping us during our researching time Cuc Phuong, Nho Quan, Ninh Binh. Hanoi, September 27th, 2018 Dao Thi Duong ABSTRACT This study found out information about diversity and conservation status of Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park. Based on observation and measurements of general characters, results indicated that there were 4 walnut species distributed in Cuc Phuong National Park. They are Alfaroa roxburghiana (Lindl.) Iljinsk, Carya sinensis Dode & Zucc, Platycarya strobilacea Siebold, Pteracarya tonkinensis Dode.
Of them, Carya sinensis Dode & Zucc listed in IUCN Red List, 2018 and Viet Nam Red Data Book, 2007. Besides, based on the morphology of each species and Dichotomous Key, I established Classification Key and species of four species of the walnut family. In addition, this research also provides the distribution, morphology and ecological character of the species. Last but not least, some solutions were proposed to preserve and develop walnut species especially Carya sinensis Dode & Zucc in the study site.
INTRODUCTION Vietnam is one of the centers of biodiversity of the world (Phuong, 1995). From the results of scientific research on Vietnamese, many scientists at home and abroad have recognized that. This nation is one of 10 countries in Asia with high biodiversity due to the combination of many elements (Phuong, 1995). However, forest resources in Vietnam have been seriously degraded due to various reasons such as the growing demand for forest products, the conversion of land use purpose, over-exploitation, improper planning, war (Linh, 2016).
According to data published by Maurand P. in the project "Indochinese Forestry", in 1943 Vietnam had about 14.3 million ha of natural forest with 43.7% of its land area. The process of deforestation occurred continuously from 1943 to the early 1990s, especially since 1976-1990 the area of natural forest decreased sharply, in only 14 years the forest area decreased by 2.7 million ha, The annual loss of nearly 190,000 ha (1.7% / year) and the forest area decreased to the lowest level of 9.2 million ha with a coverage of 27. Deforestation also means a loss of genetic diversity in plants and animals.
Forests are currently concentrated only in protected areas and national parks. Cuc Phuong National Park belongs to the National Park system in Vietnam, was established in 1962 under decision No Dec 72/TTg of the Prime Minister, and dated 7 July 1962. This decision decreed the establishment of a 25,000 ha protected forest (MARD 1997). Cuc Phuong National Park is the first and the largest national park of Vietnam lies along the borders of three provinces of North Vietnam including Ninh Binh, Hoa Binh, Thanh Hoa.
There are an estimated 2,000 different species of flora and the 450 species fauna account for 38% of national fauna (Linh, 2016). According to the survey of Cuc Phuong national park in 2008, the flora is quite a treasure with a wide variety with 2,234 species of 917 genera, 231 families of 7 orders. Many of them are of high value: 430 medicinal plant species, 229 edible plant species, 240 species can be used as medicine, 1 dye, 137 species can provide tannin, etc; 13 species are listed in Vietnam Red Data Book 2000 and IUCN Red List 2004. Some outstanding species are Dalbergia tonkinensis, Parashorea chinenis, Erythrophloem fordii, and Nageia ffeyri, Carya sinenis.
Cuc Phuong National Park has a rich flora with tropical rainforest, and there are many studies on the area. However, studies that classify and conserve them to identify the status and distribution of non-native species, particularly those of high economic value in conservation, are limited and undesirable. Besides, the over-exploited Juglandaceae species of local peoples that lead to the decrease of walnut species in Cuc Phuong National Park. They used wood to build houses, and make the furniture.
Seeds of some species are valuable foods with high nutritional contents and oil extraction (Carya sinensis Dode). The leaves of some species are toxic to insects and fish, so they can be used as pesticides (Alfaroa roxburghiana (Lindl.) Iljinsk, Pterocarya tonkinensis Dode). The peels of fruits are used to produce activated carbon. Some parts of the tree such as bark, root bark, leaf, and seed and fruit shells are used as traditional medicines.
Therefore, some species are reduced due to narrow distribution, small numbers of individuals and listed Vietnam Red Data Book 2007 and IUCN Red List 2018 such as Carya sinensis Dode is a native species of Vietnam, facing a number of threats, including loss of habitat and distribution without focusing, overexploitation, low natural regeneration. From the above-mentioned reality, I chose the subject “Taxonomy and Conservation of Juglandaceae in Cuc Phuong National Park” To provide databases on plant diversity, as a basis for the conservation and development of biological resources at the national park. OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH 1. Worldwide research Botany in the world is very rich and diverse with approximately 250,000 species of high plants (Linh, 2016), including Juglandaceae accounted for 60 species.
The walnut family (Juglandaceae) originated during the Eocene epoch of the Paleogene period about 65 to 55 million years ago. The climate during the Eocene was subtropical and moist throughout North America and Europe. This family consists of eight genera including Alfaroa, Carya, Cyclocarya, Engelhardia, Juglans, Oreomunnea, Platycarya, and Pterocarya with 50 species (Paul S. Manos and Donald E.
However, some taxonomists report as few as seven genera (Cyclocarya omitted) and as many as nine genera (Annamocarya added) that include 60 species (Rogers, 2004; Manos và el at 2007). Most member of this family distributed in the North, Center and South America, Mexico, Europe, and Asia. Rogers (2004) also concluded that there were one species of Platycarya recorded in Vietnam. Takhtajan (1997) in his book “Diversity and classification of flowering plants” introduced family Juglandaceae with three subfamilies.
Platycarioideae including one genus (Platycarya). The species in this genus have bracts of female flowers persisting on the axis of inflorescence that was not dispersed with the fruits. Vessels with simple perforations. Engelhardtioideae have four genera (Alfaroa, Alfaropsis, Oreomunea, and Engelhardia).
These species in this subfamily had bracts of the female flowers fall together with the fruits, three-lobed. Vessels with scalariform or simple perforations. Juglandoideae had three genera (Cyclocarya, Pterocarya, and Juglans) with bracts of the female flowers fall together with the fruits, entire. Vessels with simple perforations (Takhtajan, 1997).
Thanks to the wind dispersed fruits in some genera of Juglandaceae that play important role in the reproductive ecology and the early diversification of this family. The 3 morphological characteristics of the winged fruits in some genera provide many useful characters in their identification.2 Research in Vietnam According to results claiming the number of Juglandaceae, Chinese …. Plant is typical. This document shows that Juglandaceae includes 24 species belonging to 7 genuses and many described different sub-geniuses.
In which, there are 11 species and other related ones determined to be contributed in Vietnam (Wu & Raven 1999). Researches on Juglandaceae classification of the author within the country is not considerable, according to “Cay co Viet Nam” (Pham Hoang Ho, 2003). (Ho, 2003) In this project, 4 genera and 12 species were recorded to be in Juglandaceae. The author described the information about morphological characteristics and distribution place of species in brief.
In comparison with Chinese plant, Cay Co Viet Nam claimed that the number of Juglandaceae species present in Vietnam is more than 1 species. In the document of Vietnam Woodforest (Tran Hop, 2002), the Juglandaceae was introduced with detailed information about morphological characteristics and use values of 8 species typical of 5 genera. However, this project has not mentioned the total number of species in Juglandaceae distributed in Vietnam yet. Instead, the document summarized the information about distribution and values of species.
Those species which are mainly distributed in the north of Vietnam are 800-100 meters in height. The Vietnam Red Book (2007) described detailed information about identification features, biological and ecological characteristics, value distribution and state for 2 species belonging to Juglandaceae both of which are in danger, including Annamocarya sinensis (Dode) J. Leroy and Carya tonkinesis Lecomte. Both of 2 above species provide qualified wood for building, presses seed of fatted oil, fruit shell for processing proactive coal.
4 The document of Vietnam wood trees (2009) described the information about morphological characteristics of 5 genera in Jugladaceae. The document also stated that most of the species are distributed in the north of Vietnam such as Lai Chau, Son La, Vinh Phuc and central provinces as Thanh Hoa, Nghe An. The species in genus Carya, Juglans và Pterocarya are often humidity-demanding and mostly concentrate on rivers, streams, valleys or foot-hill. The species in the genus Platycarya are suitable for distribution in limestone mountain.