UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS FACULTY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY “` TOPIC: IMPACT OF HUMAN CAPITAL ON FARMER’S DECISION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FARMING: A META-ANALYSIS Lecturer : PhD Nguyen Thi Anh Tuyet Student : Nguyen The Phong Class : QH2020E KT CLC 3 Training System : CLC Hanoi, October 31, 2023 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS FACULTY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY TOPIC: IMPACT OF HUMAN CAPITAL ON FARMER’S DECISION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FARMING: A META-ANALYSIS Lecturer : PhD Nguyen Thi Anh Tuyet Student : Nguyen The Phong Class : QH2020E KT CLC 3 Training System : CLC Hanoi, October 31, 2023 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the invaluable support provided by the Faculty of Political Economics throughout the entire process of researching and writing my thesis on “Impact of Human capital on farmer decision towards sustainable farming: a Meta-Analysis”. The school and the faculty have created optimal conditions, demonstrating deep care for my academic journey. Foremost, I extend my heartfelt thanks to my mentor, Dr. Nguyen Thi Anh Tuyet, who guided and supported me during the completion of my graduation thesis.
Her unwavering dedication significantly contributed to the quality of my work. I am also grateful to other teachers who imparted essential knowledge, laying the foundation not only for my thesis but also for my future endeavors. I extend my appreciation to the board of directors at the University of Economics - Vietnam National University, Hanoi, and the various departments for providing the necessary resources and facilities. These conducive conditions offered me the opportunity and environment to study and apply theoretical knowledge in practice.
Despite my efforts, the limitations of my knowledge and theoretical abilities are reflected in certain shortcomings within the thesis. I eagerly anticipate constructive contributions from my teachers to enhance the completeness of my graduation thesis. In conclusion, I would like to express my best wishes for the good health and continued success of the teachers on the Board of Directors and functional departments at the University of Economics - Vietnam National University, Hanoi. Once again, I sincerely thank you for your invaluable support!" Hanoi, October 14 ,2023 Student PHONG NGUYEN THE TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION 1.Background of the study 2.Objective of the study 4.Objective and scope of the study 5.Structure of the topic CONTENT CHAPTER 1:THEORETICAL BASIS.2 Personal traits CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHOD.
Meta-regression model CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO' 3. Estimation results of the weighted fractional regression with interaction terms between three traits of human capitals. CHAPTER 5: POLICY IMPLICATION CONCLUSION. Impact of human capital on farmer decision towards sustainable farming: A Meta-Analysis LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES Table 2.1 Keyword and online search strategy.2 Type of sustainable agriculture techniques/practices.1 Definition and descriptive statistics.2 Estimation results of the weighted fractional regressions with standardized,unstandardized variables and their marginal effects.3 Interaction of educ_exp, exten_exp, educ_ext.
LIST OF IMAGES Figure 2.1 PRISMA flow diagram of data collection Figure 2.2 Symmetrical funnel plot of adoption rate of sustainable agriculture techniques/practices. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AD Adoption rate of sustainable agricultural measures by farming households IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute ERHS Ethiopian Rural Household Survey Impact of human capital on farmer decision towards sustainable farming: A Meta-Analysis INTRODUCTION 1.Background of the study Agriculture stands as a pivotal and indispensable industry for human life, wielding a decisive role in societal development and survival. In the current global context, people worldwide grapple with extreme weather conditions, crop failures due to climate change, and pollution of water and air sources, leading to an escalating threat of food insecurity (Masset, 2010), These challenges imperceptibly exert pressure on the agricultural sector, giving rise to numerous complex issues. The demand for food is surging due to population growth and increased individual consumption (Benjamin et al.
This demand is often met by expanding agricultural production through practices such as land expansion, routine tillage, and heightened use of inputs like pesticides and chemical fertilizers to expedite the harvest process (Vaclav Voltr et al. However, such practices are unsustainable and inflict substantial damage on the environment. Crop, livestock, and aquaculture systems further contribute to water pollution by releasing chemicals, organic matter, drug residues, sediments, and saline drainage (Naveen Kumar et al. With regional and local variations among countries, agricultural production has become ensnared in a vicious cycle.
Environmental degradation resulting from the external impacts of traditional agriculture necessitates increasingly unsustainable activities to maintain production levels and support people's livelihoods. Considering factors like global population growth, economic expansion, and rapid climate change, the demand for food, energy, and water resources is projected to surge by 40%, 57%, and 70%, respectively, within the next 20 years (Alberto Boretfi & Lorenzo Rosa, 2019). Consequently, minimizing and reversing the adverse environmental impacts of agricultural activities on land and water resources emerges as one of the most urgent actions to shield the Earth from degradation. Impact of human capital on farmer decision towards sustainable farming: A Meta-Analysis Traditional agricultural methods have been widely employed due to their accessibility and low costs.
However, despite this convenience, these methods present significant challenges to the environment, human health, and natural resources (Carla Costa et al. Notably, they contribute to issues such as climate change, saltwater intrusion, land degradation, and water pollution. According to a study by the Environmental Protection Agency (4, 2027), the agricultural sector is responsible for a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions, predominantly stemming from traditional practices and activities like rice production, cattle raising, and agricultural land management. Despite some modifications in traditional agriculture, these challenges persist (Athanasios Theocharopoulos et al.
Therefore, to address these issues and strike a balance between current and future needs, prioritizing sustainable agriculture is imperative. According to the US Farm Bill, sustainable agriculture is defined as an "integrated system of plant and animal production practices with site-specific applications that, over the long term, will: meet the food and fiber needs of humans; improve environmental quality; ensure efficient use of non-renewable and on-farm resources, while integrating appropriate natural biological controls and cycles; maintain the economic viability of farm operations; and improve the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole." Similar to the US farm bill, research by (Habib M. Alshuwaikhat and Ismaila Abubakar, 2008) also indicates that sustainable agriculture involves "management processes that coordinate with natural processes to conserve all resources, minimize waste and environmental impact, prevent problems, and promote agricultural ecosystem resilience, self-regulation, evolution, and sustainable production to feed, nourish, and meet the needs of all people" (Erik Lichtenberg, 2014). Numerous studies, such as those by (7.
Fiisun Tatlidil, Ismet Boz, and Hasan Tatlidil, 2009), as well as (R. Adetunbi, 2015), highlight the significant role of sustainable agriculture in the economy. It serves as a crucial industry that provides raw materials, primarily for the processing Impact of human capital on farmer decision towards sustainable farming: A Meta-Analysis industry. Agricultural products become essential input sources for the processing industry, thereby enhancing the value of agricultural products, especially for export (Miet Maertens, Bart Minten, Johan Swinnen, 2012).
Concerning society, the development of sustainable agriculture is a specific contribution of farmers to societal progress (Ezatollah Karami & Marzieh Keshavarz, 2009). It ensures fairness in development, increases income for farmers, improves the quality of life, addresses hunger, and reduces poverty while narrowing the gap between rich and poor and among social classes. Sustainable agriculture encompasses environmentally friendly farming methods that enable the production of crops or livestock without causing harm to humans or natural systems. These agricultural approaches utilize specific farming techniques that maximize the use of environmental resources while ensuring minimal impact on them (Tiziano Gomiero et al.
Consequently, this approach is not only environmentally friendly but also guarantees the production of safe and healthy agricultural products, a feat conventional agriculture often struggles to achieve (Sujan Debnath, Moola Mohan Reddy, Qua Sok Yi, 2014). Common types of sustainable agriculture adopted by farming households include aquaculture, agroforestry, mixed farming, multi-crop farming, and crop rotation. According to (Jyoti Agarwal et al, 2079), the implementation of these practices not only enhances crop productivity but also preserves the environment and natural resources. Research by (Nawab Khan et al, 2021) emphasizes that these sustainable agriculture types represent a crucial progressive direction for the agricultural industry, aiming to establish a system of environmentally friendly food production that ensures food safety and sustainability.
These methods don't just focus on optimizing crop productivity and animal husbandry (Ana Trigo et al., 2021) but also place special emphasis on the impact of agricultural activities on the environment and human health (Martin Purvis and Richard Smith, 200). These farming methods have gained popularity within communities. By employing modern technologies and smart Impact of human capital on farmer decision towards sustainable farming: A Meta-Analysis management practices, farmers can achieve stable yields while simultaneously safeguarding the environment. Studies in the field of sustainable agriculture conducted by (Carla Azeda et al, 2021) have affirmed that these practices not only enhance crop productivity but also contribute to the overall performance of the agriculture industry.
Most importantly, they aid in environmental protection and ensure that agricultural products are safe and beneficial for human health. Sustainable agriculture is more than just a trend; it is a commitment to the future of food systems and the natural environment. In contemporary times, many countries worldwide have recognized the importance of adopting sustainable agricultural practices, aiming to enhance productivity while safeguarding water resources, the environment, and land (J. Preity ef al.
Nevertheless, substantial variations in productivity exist between European and Asian countries (Hasan A. Faruq and Peter J. Telaroli, 2011; Lajos Barath and Imre Ferto, 2016). European Union (EU) countries have a clear focus on agriculture, particularly emphasizing sustainable practices (Eileen Kennedy et al.
In countries like the United States, there is a notable encouragement for the adoption of high technology in the agricultural sector (K. Knickel et al. The integration of high technology into agricultural production has significantly supported the industry by reducing working hours and enhancing the professionalism of farmers (Dmytro Serebrennikoy et al. One notable technological advancement successfully applied in agriculture is the use of phone applications for livestock management (Nadia Adnan and her colleagues, 2019).
This innovation is transforming the landscape of farming from the practices of the 90s, enabling increased productivity and quality of agricultural products with less manual labor (Benoit A. Aubert et al. Moreover, it is the government's commitment to supporting agricultural development that has contributed to the success of the European agricultural industry. Governments in these countries have created favorable conditions for farmers to thrive by proposing land conservation and maintenance policies and Impact of human capital on farmer decision towards sustainable farming: A Meta-Analysis prioritizing strategic projects to serve the agricultural sector effectively.
These supportive policies, combined with governmental attention, have propelled the robust development of European agriculture (Jacqui Dibden et al. Furthermore, farmers in European regions exhibit self-reliance, hard work, and a commitment to innovation in agricultural applications (Paolo Gaibazzi, 20/4). They demonstrate proficiency in using machinery (Julie Ingram, 2008) and possess a strong understanding of both agricultural practices and economics (Gunna Breustedt and Thomas Glauben, 2007). This knowledge is applied to production processes, resulting in reduced labor while increasing overall productivity.
Through the diligence and technological acumen of farmers, coupled with the government's sustained focus on agricultural production and the application of scientific and technical advancements, European agriculture has established itself as a leader in high-tech farming. In contrast to the robust development observed in European countries, sustainable agricultural productivity in regions such as Asia and Africa lags significantly, facing a host of challenges and difficulties. According to (Harsimran Singh et al, 2072), it has been highlighted that effective resource management remains a challenge in countries like India, leading to land and water depletion, environmental damage, and declining productivity (41s K. Many farming households in these regions still adhere to traditional farming methods, contributing to unsustainable exploitation and resulting in resource degradation (Simachew Bantigegn Wassie, 2020).
Moreover, limited access to new technologies compounds the issue.