Đánh giá tác động của vi mô tín dụng đến phúc lợi hộ gia đình nông thôn Việt Nam - Luận văn thạc ...

Nghiên cứu đánh giá tác động của tín dụng vi mô đến phúc lợi hộ gia đình nông thôn Việt Nam, cung cấp cái nhìn sâu sắc về hiệu quả kinh tế.

• Tác giả: Pham Tien Thanh
• Người hướng dẫn: Dr. Pham Bao Duong
• Trường học: University of Economics
• Chuyên ngành: Development Economics
• Đề tài: Tác động của vi mô tín dụng đến phúc lợi hộ gia đình nông thôn
• Loại tài liệu: Thesis
• Năm xuất bản: 2012
• Địa điểm: Ho Chi Minh City

Mục lục chi tiết

• DECLARATION
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• ABSTRACT
• TABLE OF CONTENT
• 1.1. DECLARATION
• 1.2. TABLE OF CONTENT
• 1.3. LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS
• 1.4. LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
• 1.5. Objectives of the study
• 1.6. Organization of the research
• 1.7. Overview of Poverty
• 1.8. Method of defining poverty
• 1.9. Overview of Microcredit
• 1.10. Characteristics of Microcredit
• 1.11. Overview of rural credit market in Vietnam
• 1.12. Overview of microcredit program in Vietnam
• 1.13. Impact of micro credit on welfare/ living standard of the rural households
• 1.14. Determinants of the accessibility to microcredit programs
• 3. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA DESCRIPTION
• 3.1. Model of determinants of access to credit
• 3.2. Impact Evaluation techniques
• 3.3. Impact evaluation using PSM technique
• 3.4. Impact evaluation using DID technique
• 3.5. Determinants on microcredit participation
• 3.6. Impact of microcredit on welfare of rural households using PSM
• 3.7. Impact of microcredit on welfare of the rural poor using PSM
• 3.8. Impact of microcredit on welfare of rural households using DID with fixed effect
• 3.9. Comparison between the results of PSM and DID method
• 3.10. Comparison with previous studies
• CONCLUSION, POLICY RECOMMENDATION AND LIMITATION
• LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
• LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
• 1. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
• 1.1. Problem Statement
• 1.2. Objectives of the study
• 1.3. Research questions
• 1.4. Organization of the research
• 2. CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
• 2.1. Overview of Poverty
• 2.2. Definition
• 2.3. Method of defining poverty
• 2.3.1. Expenditure / Consumption Method
• 2.3.2. Income Method
• 2.3.3. Regional rating Method

Tóm tắt

I. Tổng quan về tác động của vi mô tín dụng đến phúc lợi hộ gia đình nông thôn

Vi mô tín dụng đã trở thành một công cụ quan trọng trong việc cải thiện phúc lợi của hộ gia đình nông thôn tại Việt Nam. Nghiên cứu này sẽ phân tích tác động của vi mô tín dụng đến phúc lợi hộ gia đình, đặc biệt là đối với các hộ nghèo. Theo báo cáo của GSO, tỷ lệ nghèo ở nông thôn vẫn còn cao, và vi mô tín dụng có thể là giải pháp giúp cải thiện tình hình này.

1.1. Định nghĩa và vai trò của vi mô tín dụng

Vi mô tín dụng được định nghĩa là các khoản vay nhỏ dành cho những người có thu nhập thấp nhằm giúp họ khởi nghiệp hoặc cải thiện cuộc sống. Chương trình này không chỉ cung cấp tài chính mà còn hỗ trợ kỹ năng quản lý tài chính cho hộ gia đình.

1.2. Tình hình phúc lợi hộ gia đình nông thôn hiện nay

Phúc lợi hộ gia đình nông thôn tại Việt Nam đang gặp nhiều thách thức. Nhiều hộ gia đình vẫn sống dưới mức nghèo khổ, thiếu thốn về tài chính và cơ sở hạ tầng. Vi mô tín dụng có thể giúp cải thiện tình hình này thông qua việc tăng thu nhập và tiêu dùng.

II. Vấn đề và thách thức trong việc tiếp cận vi mô tín dụng

Mặc dù vi mô tín dụng có tiềm năng lớn, nhưng việc tiếp cận vẫn gặp nhiều khó khăn. Nhiều hộ gia đình nông thôn không đủ điều kiện để vay vốn, dẫn đến việc họ phải dựa vào các nguồn tín dụng không chính thức.

2.1. Rào cản trong việc tiếp cận vi mô tín dụng

Các rào cản như thiếu thông tin, không có tài sản thế chấp, và sự phân biệt trong việc cấp tín dụng đã khiến nhiều hộ nghèo không thể tiếp cận được vi mô tín dụng.

2.2. Tác động của việc không tiếp cận vi mô tín dụng

Việc không tiếp cận được vi mô tín dụng dẫn đến tình trạng nghèo đói kéo dài, làm giảm khả năng phát triển kinh tế của hộ gia đình và cộng đồng nông thôn.

III. Phương pháp đánh giá tác động của vi mô tín dụng đến phúc lợi

Để đánh giá tác động của vi mô tín dụng, nghiên cứu sử dụng phương pháp Propensity Score Matching (PSM) nhằm so sánh các hộ gia đình tham gia và không tham gia chương trình.

3.1. Phương pháp PSM trong nghiên cứu

Phương pháp PSM giúp xác định các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến khả năng tiếp cận vi mô tín dụng và đánh giá tác động của nó đến phúc lợi hộ gia đình.

3.2. Dữ liệu và nguồn thông tin

Nghiên cứu sử dụng dữ liệu từ Khảo sát mức sống hộ gia đình Việt Nam (VHLSS) để phân tích và đưa ra kết luận về tác động của vi mô tín dụng.

IV. Kết quả nghiên cứu về tác động của vi mô tín dụng

Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy vi mô tín dụng có tác động tích cực đến phúc lợi hộ gia đình nông thôn, đặc biệt là trong việc tăng thu nhập và tiêu dùng.

4.1. Tăng trưởng thu nhập từ vi mô tín dụng

Nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng các hộ gia đình tham gia vi mô tín dụng có mức thu nhập cao hơn so với những hộ không tham gia, nhờ vào việc đầu tư vào sản xuất và kinh doanh.

4.2. Tác động đến tiêu dùng và chất lượng cuộc sống

Vi mô tín dụng không chỉ giúp tăng thu nhập mà còn cải thiện tiêu dùng, từ đó nâng cao chất lượng cuộc sống của hộ gia đình nông thôn.

V. Kết luận và khuyến nghị cho tương lai

Nghiên cứu khẳng định rằng vi mô tín dụng có tác động tích cực đến phúc lợi hộ gia đình nông thôn. Tuy nhiên, cần có các chính sách hỗ trợ để cải thiện khả năng tiếp cận cho các hộ nghèo.

5.1. Đề xuất chính sách cải thiện vi mô tín dụng

Cần có các chính sách nhằm tăng cường thông tin và hỗ trợ kỹ thuật cho các hộ gia đình nghèo để họ có thể tiếp cận vi mô tín dụng một cách hiệu quả hơn.

5.2. Tương lai của vi mô tín dụng tại Việt Nam

Vi mô tín dụng sẽ tiếp tục đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc giảm nghèo và phát triển bền vững tại các vùng nông thôn, nếu được triển khai một cách hợp lý và hiệu quả.

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UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM -NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS IMPACT EVALUATION OF MICROCREDIT ON WELFARE OF THE VIETNAM RURAL .· HOUSEHOLD A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By PHAM TIEN THANH Academic Supervisor: DR. PHAM BAO DUONG . HO CHI MINH CITY, OCTOBER 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] DECLARATION I certify that the contents of thesis have been carried out and written by me to the best of my knowledge and with the support in preparing this paper from many different sources. I certify that this thesis has not been submitted to any other programs or journals. HCMC, October 15th, 2012 PHAM TIEN THANH 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] ACKOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is impossible to be achieved without the support and assistance of the following people: Firstly, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Dr. Pham Bao Duong, my academic supervisor, who advised and instructed and supported me during the process of this thesis. His expertise and his suggestions have provided a good basis for the improvement of my research. His enthusiasm and encouraging is also a motivation for me to achieve me thesis. I would like to give my special thanks to Prof. Nguyen Trong Hoai, Dean of Vietnam-The Netherlands Programme and Dr. Pham Khanh Nam, Academic Director of Vietnam -The Netherlands Programme. Their knowledge and enthusiasm has supported me a lot during my thesis writing process. This is also a good opportunity to express my appreciation to all the lecturers who equipped me with valuable knowledge during my study at Vietnam -The Netherlands Programme. I would also like to appreciate Mr. Nguyen Khanh Duy, Lecturer at the Faculty of Development Economics, University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City. His support with data as well as using econometrics software is a great contribution to the completion of my thesis. Lastly, I am grateful to my beloved parents who gave moral support and encouraged me to finish my thesis during writing process. 11 TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] ABSTRACT This research evaluates the impact of microcredit on the welfare of households living in the Vietnam rural areas, especially the poor. The research is analyzed based on a data of the Vietnam household living standard survey (VHLSS) in the year 2008. The difference of the research in comparison with the previous studied about the relationship between microcredit and welfare is the employment of propensity score matching (PSM) method, thus it reflects the impact of microcredit on rural households' living standard better and more precisely. The result shows that microcredit will result in better welfare of rural households via a greater increase in the income and consumption per capita per month of the participating households. However, the result about the poor rural households showed that microcredit does not result in a higher increase in income of the participants than that of the nonparticipants, but contributes to a greater rise in the consumption. The research also showed the determinants on the accessibility to microcredit programs of the households living in rural regions. The results found out that the probability of accessing the microcredit sources of the rural households in Vietnam is still low. Moreover, the proportionate of accessibility to microcredit of the poor household is even less that of the non- poor households, which means microcredit programs mistarget the poor households. From those results, the research gives policy recommendations to improve microcredit programs in rural areas as well as to support more poor households to access to microcredit sources. 111 TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION . iii TABLE OF CONTENT . iv LIST OF ABBRIVIA TIONS . vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES . Objectives of the study . Organization of the research . Overview of Poverty . Method of defining poverty . Overview of Microcredit. Characteristics of Microcredit . Overview of rural credit market in Vietnam . Overview of microcredit program in Vietnam . Impact of micro credit on welfare/ living standard of the rural households . Determinants of the accessibility to microcredit programs . lV TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] CHAPTER III . 30 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA DESCRIPTION . Model of determinants of access to credit .Impact Evaluation techniques . Impact evaluation using PSM technique . Impact evaluation using DID technique . Determinants on microcredit participation . Impact of microcredit on welfare of rural households using PSM . Impact of microcredit on welfare of the rural poor using PSM . Impact ofmicrocredit on welfare of rural households using DID with fixed effect . Comparison between the results ofPSM and DID method . Comparison with previous studies . 59 CONCLUSION, POLICY RECOMMENDATION AND LIMITATION •••. v TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GSO General Statistics Office ·····························•··· ··················································'········································· MOLISA Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs DO LISA Department of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs MFis Micro Finance Institutions . VBA Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development VBSP WB UN ·······-········ VHLSS am household living standard survey ····················-········· . NN Nearest neighbor PSM Propensity Score Matching DD or DID 1 Difference in Difference or Double Difference VI TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES List of Tables Table 2.1: Poverty Rate in Vietnam .2: Characteristics ofMicrocredit Programs in Vietnam from 2005 to 2011 .3: Main Characteristics ofthe MFis in 2011 .4: Characteristics ofMicrocredit Programs by VBSP from 2005 to 2011 .5: Summary of Some Main Findings about the Impact ofMicrocredit Programs on Welfare/ Living Standards .1: Descriptions of the Determinants on Accessibility to Microcredit . Variables in the Analysis of the Impact ofMicrocredit using DID .3: Characteristics of Comparison Groups in 2008 .1: Impact ofMicrocredit on Income/Consumption ofRural Households using Independent Sample T-Test Methods .2: Impact of Microcredit on Income/Consumption of the Rural Poor using Independent Sample T-Test Methods .3: Distribution of Eligibility with respect to Treatment Households .4: Credit Access with respect to Eligible Households .5: Probit Estimations of Determinants on Accessibility to Microcredit .6: Probit Estimation ofModel3 with Marginal Effect .7: Impact ofMicrocredit on Income ofRural Households using PSM .8: Impact ofMicrocredit on Consumption ofRural Households using PSM .9: Impact ofMicrocredit on Income of the Rural Poor using PSM .10: Sector of Production and Business on Which the Loan was Spent .11: Reasons of Unchanged or Worse Living Condition .12: Impact ofMicrocredit on Consumption ofthe Rural Poor using PSM .13: Impact of Microcredit on Welfare of Rural households using DID with fixed effect .14: Result Comparison between PSM and DID Method .15: Results from the Previous Studies . 51 VII TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] List of Figures Figure 2.1 : Gross Loan Portfolio of microcredit in Vietnam from 2005 to 2011 .2 :Characteristics ofMicrocredit Programs by VBSP from 2005 to 2011 .3 : Determinants on Accessibility to Microcredit and Welfare Indicators .1 : Illustration oflmpact Evaluation Using DID Method . 39 Vlll TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to present chapter introduction of microcredit program as well as scope of the research such research methodology, research data, research objectives, and research questions.Problem Statement Vietnam is considered one of the few countries that has obtained the remarkable achievement in poverty reduction. As annual reports by GSO showed, the poverty rate has declined from 37.4 percent in 1998, to 18.1 percent in 2004 to 13. In a report -by GSO (2008), the poverty rate in rural areas (16.1 percent) was higher than that in urban areas (6. A large number of farmers in Vietnam are still living in poverty and under poor living standards. Moreover, they have difficulties with accessing to credit sources especially, formal credit sources. As a result, they mostly borrow from informal sources for financing their production as well as for consumption. That results in the fact that they may fall into deeper debt and default debt. Therefore, in order to gain the more preeminent achievement of hunger eradication and poverty reduction as well as to help the poor escape from poverty, the Vietnam Government have invested a great number of capital as well as provided financial services to support the rural households, especially the poor in rural areas via credit programs. One of the special credit programs that the Government applied the program is microcredit. As the definition by Microcredit Summit ( 1997), microcredit program is a program which provides small loans to poor people so that they can generate income to improve their living standard. Many countries have applied microcredit programs as a tool of poverty reduction as well as a channel of providing credit to rural households. Microcredit has been popularly applied and its impact on welfare or living standard of households has TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] been ·studied by many authors. However, there are two mixed opinions about the impact of microcredit as follows: • On the bright side, Khandker, S. (1998), Yunus (2009) considered microcredit as the tool for the purpose of poverty alleviation and hunger eradication. To reaffirm this statement, the study by Alexander (20 11 ), Zaman ( 1999), Kumar (2005), and Sarangi (2007) showed that microcredit program has positive impacts on the household's welfare via increasing their income and consumption. • On the limited side, some researchers argued that microcredit insignificantly affects welfare of households. Coleman (1999) stated that there is no evidence of the microcredit program impact on the living standard which is reflected via assets and income. However, in Vietnam, does this program actually have impacts on welfare and poverty of the rural households, especially the poor rural households as well as target these poor households? In Vietnam, there have been also many researches about the impact of microcredit program on the households, especially the households in rural areas and the poor rural households. Cuong Nguyen (2008) proved that VBSP microcredit programs enhance the incomes and expenditures of the rural households in Vietnam. Also in his research, microcredit program is found to decrease the poverty-gap and poverty- severity indexes as well as contribute to poverty reduction of the participating households positively. However, he found that among the participating households, the proportion of the non-poor is higher than that of the poor. Tra Pham (20 11) reconfirmed that participation in microcredit programs by VBSP have positive effect on self-employment profits of rural households. Moreover, she found that participation in microcredit program results in the higher increase in income of the poorest households than that of the medium-income households in Vietnam rural regions, then 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : [e-mail] this leads to the positive impact on poverty alleviation. In a research on the case of the Vietnam rural households by Nadine R. (2012), microcredit program was founded to improve the quality of water supply and the sanity system reflected via safer removal of human waste. The research is conducted in order to evaluate the impact of microcredit on welfare of rural household, as well as the poor in rural areas. This research mainly focuses on PSM method using cross-sectional data, and applies DID method with fix effect technique using panel data to compare the results of PSM method. The feasibility of PSM method is that there is no need pre- and post- program survey as required in as Difference in Difference (DD) method.method only requires the post program survey, so it is very useful when there is not pre-program surveyed data. Meanwhile, DID method with fixed effect regression can measure the difference in an outcome pre - post attendance in the program, measure the difference in outcome among factors at the same time (separate the impact of microcredit and other factors on welfare), and the difference in outcome of impact of the program over time.