THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING ---------- NGUYEN HUYNH MINH CHAU Bank Performance and Non-interest Income: Evidence from Vietnamese commercial banks BACHELOR THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7 34 02 01 HO CHI MINH, 2023 THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING ---------- Student name: NGUYEN HUYNH MINH CHAU Student code: 050607190061 Class: HQ7–GE15 Bank Performance and Non-interest Income: Evidence from Vietnamese commercial banks BACHELOR THESIS Major: Finance – Banking Code: 7 34 02 01 ACADEMIC ADVISOR DR. DUONG THI THUY AN HO CHI MINH, 2023 i ABSTRACT The thesis has presented the literature reviews and research methodologies used to ascertain the effect of non-interest income streams on the performance of Vietnamese commercial banks. With the substantial assistance of the Stata 17 program, the study carries out regressions on a panel of data from 26 commercial banks in Vietnam throughout the years 2011-2021. This study intends to examine as well as clarify the direction and magnitude of the impact of non-interest income on the bank performance to make some recommendations for Vietnamese banks to improve their efficiency.
This thesis builds the empirical model using return on assets and return on equity as bank performance indicators, non-interest income to total assets representing the ratio of net non-interest income variable, along with nine control variables namely, bank size, asset quality, bank capitalization, loans to assets ratio, deposits to assets ratio, total costs to assets ratio, loan loss provision ratio, the growth rate of gross domestic product, and the rate of inflation. Five regression approaches, including Pooled Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effect Method, Random Effects Method, Feasible Generalized Least Squares and Generalized Method of Moments, are employed to analyze the data. Also, Independent Sample T-Test is conducted to test whether banks with high non-interest income ratio are different from those with low non-interest income ratio or not. Hence, the importance of the role that non-interest income plays on bank performance can be confirmed.
The finding reveals that non-interest income has a favorable effect on bank performance, suggesting the growth of non-interest income is accompanied with an improvement in the bank performance. Although it appears that interest from conventional banking operations is still the primary source of income for commercial ii banks, non-interest income from non-traditional banking activities has become more significant in the recent past. This thesis attempts to fill in some gaps and contribute to the existing literature to shed some light on the research on the topic from the perspective of Vietnamese commercial banks and enhance the performance of Vietnamese commercial banks. iii TÓM TẮT KHÓA LUẬN Luận văn đã trình bày cơ sở lý thuyết và phương pháp nghiên cứu được sử dụng để xác định tác động của các dòng thu nhập ngoài lãi đến hiệu quả hoạt động của các ngân hàng thương mại Việt Nam.
Với sự hỗ trợ đáng kể của chương trình Stata 17, nghiên cứu thực hiện hồi quy dữ liệu bảng với 26 ngân hàng thương mại của Việt Nam trong giai đoạn 2011 - 2021. Nghiên cứu này nhằm xem xét cũng như làm rõ chiều hướng và mức độ tác động của thu nhập ngoài lãi đến hiệu quả hoạt động của ngân hàng để đưa ra một số khuyến nghị cho các ngân hàng thương mại Việt Nam nhằm nâng cao hiệu quả hoạt động. Luận văn xây dựng mô hình thực nghiệm sử dụng tỷ số lợi nhuận trên tài sản, tỷ suất lợi nhuận trên vốn chủ sở hữu là các chỉ tiêu đánh giá hiệu quả hoạt động của ngân hàng, thu nhập ngoài lãi trên tổng tài sản thể hiện tỷ lệ biến thu nhập ngoài lãi thuần và chín biến kiểm soát là quy mô ngân hàng, chất lượng tài sản, vốn hóa ngân hàng, tỷ lệ cho vay trên tổng tài sản, tỷ lệ tiền gửi trên tổng tài sản, tổng tỷ lệ chi phí trên tài sản, tỷ lệ dự phòng rủi ro cho vay, tốc độ tăng trưởng tổng sản phẩm nội địa, tỷ lệ lạm phát. Năm phương pháp hồi quy, bao gồm mô hình hồi quy gộp, mô hình tác động cố định, mô hình tác động ngẫu nhiên, mô hình bình phương tổng quát khả thi và phương pháp hồi quy tổng quát, được sử dụng để phân tích dữ liệu.
Bên cạnh đó, kiểm định mẫu độc lập T-Test được thực hiện để kiểm định xem ngân hàng có tỷ lệ thu nhập ngoài lãi cao có khác biệt với ngân hàng có tỷ lệ thu nhập ngoài lãi thấp hay không. Từ đó, có thể khẳng định vai trò quan trọng của thu nhập ngoài lãi đối với hiệu quả hoạt động của ngân hàng. Kết quả cho thấy thu nhập ngoài lãi có tác động thuận chiều đến hiệu quả hoạt động của ngân hàng, cho thấy rằng sự tăng trưởng của thu nhập ngoài lãi đi kèm với với sự cải thiện hiệu quả hoạt động của ngân hàng. Mặc dù tiền lãi từ các hoạt động ngân hàng truyền thống vẫn là nguồn thu nhập chính của các ngân hàng, nhưng thu iv nhập ngoài lãi từ các hoạt động ngân hàng phi truyền thống đang trở nên quan trọng hơn trong thời gian gần đây.
Luận văn bổ sung một số khoảng trống và đóng góp vào các tài liệu hiện có nhằm làm sáng tỏ nghiên cứu về chủ đề này từ quan điểm của các ngân hàng thương mại Việt Nam và cải thiện hiệu quả hoạt động của các ngân hàng thương mại Việt Nam. v DECLARATION I herewith declare that the thesis: “Bank Performance and Non-interest Income: Evidence from Vietnamese commercial banks” is the author's own research work under the guidance of Dr. Duong Thi Thuy An. This thesis contains no information that has already been published or written by another individual except where proper citation is used to provide appropriate reference.
Ho Chi Minh city, April 2023 Author Nguyen Huynh Minh Chau vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To complete this thesis, the author would like to express sincere thanks to: First and foremost, the author would like to give special thanks to the Board of Directors, Faculty of Finance and Banking, Training Department, other departments, and all teachers at Ho Chi Minh University of Banking who have wholeheartedly taught valuable knowledge as well as supported the author in recent times. Next, the author also acknowledges Dr. Duong Thi Thuy An, the thesis' academic advisor, for providing specific direction and insightful feedback that helped the author carry out the research in the most effective manner. Finally, the author wants to express gratitude to family, relatives and friends who have encouraged the author during the implementation of this study.
Although many efforts have been made to complete this thesis, shortcomings cannot be avoided. The author would like to sincerely embrace the valuable guidance and suggestions from teachers to improve the topic. The author sends health wishes to all educators who lead the next generation of talented students. Ho Chi Minh city, April 2023 Author Nguyen Huynh Minh Chau vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .i TÓM TẮT KHÓA LUẬN .vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .xi LIST OF TABLES .xii LIST OF FIGURES.xii LIST OF APPENDICES.
The urgency of research. Subject and scope of the research. Contribution of the research. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW.
Theoretical of the performance of commercial banks. Approaches to the bank performance measurement. Market-based measures. Theoretical review of non-interest income.
Non-interest income. Theoretical review on the impacts of non-interest income on the performance of commercial banks. DATA AND METHODOLOGY. Bank specific characteristics.
Data analysis methods. Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (Pooled OLS). Fixed Effects Method (FEM). Random Effects Method (REM).
Feasible Generalized Least Squares method (FGLS). Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. Bank performance indicators.
Non-interest income ratio. The impacts of non-interest income on the performance of Vietnamese commercial banks. The impacts of bank control variables on the performance of Vietnamese commercial banks. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS.
Recommendations for improving bank performance through non-interest income. Policy implications for commercial banks. Policy implications for policy makers. Recommendations for enhancing banking performance through other related factors.
Limitations and further research directions. xx xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Meaning ROA Return on assets ROE Return on equity RAROC Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital EVA Economic Value Added FEM Fixed Effects Method REM Random Effects Method FLGS Feasible Generalized Least Squares GMM Generalized Method of Moments GDP Gross domestic product U.S United States VIF Variance Inflation Factor xii LIST OF TABLES Table 3. The lists of selected Vietnamese commercial banks. Correlation matrix and multicollinearity.
Results of Panel Regressions. Heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation and multicollinearity tests. 74 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3. The conceptual framework of the research model.
Return on assets and return on equity ratios. Non-interest income ratio. The fluctuation trends of control variables between 2011 and 2021. 66 xiii LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1.
THE REGRESSION RESULT OF RETURN ON ASSETS. Pooled OLS regression. Fixed effects method. Random effects method.
Breusch - Pagan LM test. Feasible Generalized Least Squares regression. Generalized Method of Moments estimation. Independent Sample T-Test.
THE REGRESSION RESULT OF RETURN ON EQUITY. Pooled OLS regression. Fixed effects method. Random effects method.
Modified Wald test .xxix xiv Appendix 5. Feasible Generalized Least Squares regression. Generalized Method of Moments estimation. Independent Sample T-Test.
INTRODUCTION The first chapter illustrates the background of the study, research question, subject and scope of the research, research methodology, research contribution and research structure. The urgency of research In the past few decades, the concentration on banking services has evolved from traditional activities to non-traditional ones (Vivas & Pasiouras, 2010). According to Raluca (2012), globalization and financial deregulation in the banking industry have prolonged a variety of banking goods and services. It is undeniable that the traditional role of commercial banks has centered on intermediation and the generation of net interest income through two main activities: collecting deposits on which banks charge interest and issuing loans for which they receive interest income (Craigwell & Maxwell, 2005).
However, over the years, commercial banks across the globe have gradually diversified from their conventional roles and sources of income to encompass new pursuits that generate non-interest income (Sherene & Tapper, 2010). Non-interest income is defined as revenue created by banks from sources other than interest payments, with service fees like ATM fees and loan origination fees serving as the most prevalent examples (Haubrich & Young, 2019). According to the annual reports of banks, non-interest income sources are usually income from service activities, income from investment business and income from other non-interest activities. Non-interest income has an advantage over interest income in that it is typically unaffected by legal or regulatory restrictions and is not influenced by economic or financial market cycles (Morris & Regehr, 2014).
Understanding the association between non-interest income and bank performance has imperative implications for business strategy and regulatory policy. A 2 favorable correlation between non-interest revenue and bank performance indicates that the shift towards non-traditional activities is beneficial for commercial banks. As a result, policies that enable banks to enter new markets and participate in novel, non- traditional off-balance-sheet operations may yield desirable outcomes. Moreover, providing a variety of services may also help banks compete with non-financial institutions more effectively.
However, the relationship between non-interest income and bank performance has not been established with consistency in previous studies. There are existing literature revealing two contrasting effects of non-interest income on bank performance. The proponents argue that there is a reciprocal relationship between non-traditional income sources and banking performance (Smith et al.