BANKING ACADEMY BANKING FACULTY – ADVANCED PROGRAM GRADUATION THESIS Topic: The impact of liquidity on commercial banks performance in Vietnam Student name : Thuy Linh Nguyen Class : K20 CLCB Course : 2017 - 2021 Student ID : 20A4010357 Advisor : MCom. Thu Hang Do Hanoi, May 2021 17014129089271000000 Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis DECLERATION I hereby declare that the graduation thesis with the topic "The impact of liquidity on commercial banks performance in Vietnam " is my research work, with the support of my supervisor MCom. Thu Hang Do. The data and results in the thesis are honest and have never been published in any other works.
I will be responsible for the content I have presented in this thesis. Hanoi, May 23th 2021 Student Thuy Linh Nguyen Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen i Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to sincerely thank to the professors and teachers of Banking Academy, Faculty of Banking - Advanced Program who has dedicated teaching and impart knowledge, valuable experience during my school years. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to MCom. Thu Hang Do, for her constant encouragement and guidance.
She has walked me through all the stages of writing this research. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this research could not have reached its present form. Last but not least, my thanks would go to my beloved family and friends for all their encouragement and intellectual supported that has made this report possible. Hanoi, May 23th 2021 Student Thuy Linh Nguyen Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen ii Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLERATION.
vi LIST OF TABLE.vii LIST OF APPENDIX .The necessity of selected topic. The subject and scope of the study. Method of research .6 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL OVERVIEW OF LIQUIDITY IMPACTS ON COMMERCIAL BANK PERFORMANCE .1 Liquidity in Commercial Banks.1 The concept of liquidity .2 The role of liquidity for commercial banks:.3 Measurement of liquidity of commercial bank .1 The concept of bank performance .2 Criteria for evaluating the performance of commercial banks .3 The impact of liquidity and other factors on commercial banks performance 20 Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen iii Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis 1.1 The impact of liquidity on bank performance .2 The effect of other factors on commercial banks' performance .21 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODS AND RESEARCH DATA .1 Actual situation of commercial banks in Vietnam from 2010 to 2020 .2 Independent variables and research hypotheses: .39 CHAPTER 3: MODEL OF TESTING THE IMPACTS OF LIQUIDITY ON COMMERCIAL BANK PERFORMANCE .1 Analysis of autocorrelation .2 Multi-collinearity VIF test.1 The results of the OLS, REM and FEM regression for model 1 (ROA) .2 The results of the OLS, REM and FEM regression for model 2 (ROE) .3 Evaluation of the suitability of the regression model .2 Wooldridge serial correlation test .3 Estimated according to the GLS method.4 Discuss the regression results .52 Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen iv Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis 3.4 Equity to assets (ETA) .5 Deposit to assets (DTA) .6 Loans to assets (LTA) .55 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND SOME RECOMMENDATIONS ON LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCING COMMERCIAL BANKS PERFORMANCE .1 Increase highly liquid assets .3 Increase deposit mobilization .4 Expanding the size of bank assets .5 Promote credit activities .5 Controlling credit risk .6 Controlling macro factors .3 Research limitations and suggestions for future research. 72 Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen v Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis ABBREVIATION Abbreviation Completed script GDP Gross domestic product ROA Return on assets ROE Return on equity OLS Ordinary Least Squares REM Random Effect Model FEM Fixed Effect Model IMF International Monetary Fund TPBank Tien Phong Commercial Joint Stock Bank VIB Vietnam International Commercial Joint Stock Bank SaigonBank Saigon Bank For Industry And Trade ACB Asia Commercial Joint Stock Bank GLS General Least Squares Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen vi Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis LIST OF TABLE Table Caption Page Table 1 Summary of previous studies 4 Total asset growth in banking industry, 2010 – 2019 Diagram 2.1 26 (% year by year) Credit and deposit growth in banking industry, 2010 Diagram 2.2 27 - 2019 Liquidity assets to total assets in banking industry, Diagram 2.3 29 2010 – 2019 (% year by year) Non-performing loans growth in banking industry, Diagram 2.4 30 2010 – 2019 (% year by year) ROA and ROE growth in banking industry, 2010 – Diagram 2.5 31 2019 (% year on year) Dependent variables and independent variables in Table 2.6 33 the study Table 2.7 Descriptive statistics 39 Table 3.1 Autocorrelation matrix among variables 42 Table 3.2 Multi-collinearity VIF test 43 Table 3.3 The results of OLS, REM and FEM for model 1 44 Table 3.4 The results of the REM and FEM for model 2 45 Table 3.5 F-test and Hausman test for model 1 46 Table 3.6 F-test and Hausman test for model 2 46 Table 3.7 Heteroscedasticity test 47 Table 3.8 Wooldridge serial correlation test 48 Table 3.9 General Least Squares (GLS) regression 48 Table 3.10 Summary of the results 49 Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen vii Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis LIST OF APPENDIX Appendix Caption Page List of Vietnamese commercial banks in the Appendix 1 72 sample Appendix 2 Descriptive statistics table 73 Appendix 3 Autocorrelation matrix 73 Appendix 4 VIF test of multi-collinearity 74 Ordinary Least Square Regression (OLS) for Appendix 5 75 ROA/ROE Appendix 6 Fixed Effect Regression (FEM) for ROA/ROE 76 Appendix 7 Random Effect Regression (FEM) for ROA/ROE 77 Appendix 8 Hausman test for ROA/ROE 78 Appendix 9 Heteroscedasticity Test 79 Appendix 10 Serial Correlation Test 79 Generalized Least Squares (GLS) Regression For Appendix 11 80 ROA/ROE Datasets of 25 Commercial Banks in the research, Appendix 12 81 2010 -2020 Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen i Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis INTRODUCTION 1.The necessity of selected topic The global financial crisis of 2007 - 2008 brought a huge challenge to international economic development because that leads to the collapse of a series of banking systems and financial institutions.
Bad debts make banks increasingly lose money and lose their solvency and seriously, affect the profits and operations of commercial banks in the US. Many banks have to conduct mergers or declare bankruptcy because they cannot afford liquidity or recover debts. Liquidity risk has become one of the most dangerous and contagious, leading to a breakdown in the system. Therefore, liquidity issues and liquidity risk management are decisive factors to the safety and efficiency of business operations of any commercial bank.
After the crisis, the liquidity and its impact on the performance of commercial banks are of great interest to many commercial banks in Vietnam. Over the past time, due to lack of liquidity, many banks have lost a large number of customers, affecting the business performance and the bank's reputation. Therefore, the problem is how to increase banks' liquidity while still achieving the desired operating efficiency. From the reason above, the thesis chooses the topic "The impact of liquidity on commercial banks performance in Vietnam" for research to evaluate the current situation and proposing some solutions to improve liquidity as well as improve the commercial banks performance in Vietnam.1 Foreign research There are a few number of previous studies that were specifically investigate the impact of liquidity on bank performance.
Most of studies focused on analyzing the determinants of banking performance, including liquidity factors. The link between liquidity and banking performance is quite complicated. Some studies believed that liquidity is positively related to bank performance, while Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen Page 1 Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis others find a negative relationship. Besides, several studies have not seen the connections between liquidity status and bank performance.
The research by Kutsienyo (2011) examine the factors influencing Ghanaian banks' needs. The author used the GLS estimation technique on a tabular database of 26 commercial banks in Ghana in 2000-2009 to analyze with two dependent variables: ROA and ROE and five independent variables representing the bank and macro variables. The study results found that liquidity had the opposite impact on the banking demand (ROA). Ahmad Aref Almazari (2014) studies the internal factors affecting banks' profitability in Saudi Arabia and Jordan in the period 2005-2011.
The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between ROA AND liquidity risk. Poposka and Trpkoski (2013) examine the factors affecting the profitability of Macedonian banks from 2001 to 2012. The study also uses two variables representing bank profits (ROA, ROE). Through the research model and data, the research results show that liquidity and capital affect bank profitability, which emphasizes the positive correlation between liquidity and bank profitability.
Mahshid Shahchera's study investigated the effect of liquidity on bank profitability in one country (Malaysia), while Étienne Bordeleau and Christopher Graham's (2010) study examined this effect in two other countries. However, in both these studies, the obtained results show that there is a positive correlation between liquidity and bank profitability. Kosmidou et al. (2005) found that liquidity risk had a positive effect on ROA by examining factors related to business activities in Greece during the period of financial integration (1990-2002) on a database of 23 banks.
The authors showed that the more the banks with low liquidity, the lower ROA. This result is also consistent with previous conclusions (Bourke, 1989). Sayedi (2014) studied the factors affecting banks' profitability in Nigeria in the period 2006 -2014. The author also uses the variable ROA, ROE represents Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen Page 2 Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis profit and three independents (market power, liquidity, bank interest rate).
Research results show that market power and liquidity positively affect bank profitability (ROA, ROE) while interest rates have a negative impact on ROA. Zaphaniah Akunga Maaka (2013) studied the relationship between commercial banks' liquidity risk and financial performance in Kenya. Profit before tax (PBT) is used as the dependent variable. And the independent variables of deposit (Dep), cash (Cash), liquidity gap (Liq_Gap), bad debt (NPL), leverage ratio (LEV).
The study results show that commercial bank profits are negatively affected by increased liquidity gap and leverage ratio. Banks could store enough cash, improve the deposit base, and reduce the liquidity gap and bad debt to mitigate liquidity risk.2 Domestic research In Vietnam, there are some studies mainly focus on analyzing the determinants on banking performance, which is not directly assessing the relationship between liquidity risk and bank's performance. The study "Factors affecting profitability of joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam" (Ngo Phuong Khanh, 2013) shows that there is a negative correlation between liquid assets ratio and the profitability of the joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam in the period 2007 - 2011. Vu Thi Thuy Kieu (2019) in the research about “The determinants of bank performance”, using ROA, ROE as dependent variables and independent variable includes: liquidity, bank size, capital ratio, deposit to asset ratio, loans to assets.
The result shown that deposit to assets has negative impact on bank profitability while bank liquidity, bank size, loans to assets has positive. Besides, capital has no linear relationship with bank performance. Ho Thanh Thuy (2017) showed that liquidity risk negatively impacted the bank's business performance in the period 2008 - 2015. In addition, the research results also found several factors.
Others also have an impact on the performance of Student: Thuy Linh Nguyen Page 3 Banking Academy of Vietnam Graduation thesis commercial banks in Vietnam, such as: ratio of customer deposits to total assets (DEP), cash status index (CASH), bad debt ratio (NPL), and Bank size (SIZE). Some studies with the same topic can be mentioned as that of Nguyen Thanh Phong (2020), using two dependent variables to represent banking performance: ROA, ROE with dependent variables: liquidity risk (LGAP), Equity to assets (ETA), nonperforming loans (NPL), economic growth rate (GDP), inflation rate (INF) and annual unemployment rate (UEP).