VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY SYSTEM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY MASTER’S THESIS UTILIZATION OF ENZYME-TREATED WHEAT BRAN IN MAKING PASTA WITH HIGH FIBER CONTENT Specialization: FOOD TECHNOLOGY Student: NGUYEN SI NHAT 1870472 Supervisor: Prof. LE VAN VIET MAN Ho Chi Minh City, July 2019 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP. HCM TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA NGUYỄN SĨ NHẬT NGHIÊN CỨU SỬ DỤNG CÁM LÚA MÌ ĐÃ XỬ LÝ ENZYME TRONG SẢN XUẤT MÌ PASTA GIÀU CHẤT XƠ Utilization of enzyme-treated wheat bran in making pasta with high fiber content Chuyên ngành: CÔNG NGHỆ THỰC PHẨM Mã số: 8540101 LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ TP. Hồ Chí Minh, tháng 07 năm 2019 CÔNG TRÌNH ĐƯỢC HOÀN THÀNH TẠI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA – ĐHQG TP.
HCM Cán bộ hướng dẫn khoa học: GS. LÊ VĂN VIỆT MẪN Cán bộ chấm nhận xét 1: PGS. HOÀNG KIM ANH Cán bộ chấm nhận xét 2: TS. LÊ MINH HÙNG Luận văn thạc sĩ được bảo vệ tại Trường Đại học Bách Khoa, ĐHQG TP.
HCM ngày 10 tháng 7 năm 2019. Thành phần Hội đồng đánh giá luận văn thạc sĩ gồm: 1. LÊ NGUYỄN ĐOAN DUY 2. HOÀNG KIM ANH 3.
LÊ MINH HÙNG 4. TÔN NỮ MINH NGUYỆT 5. NGUYỄN QUỐC CƯỜNG Xác nhận của Chủ tịch Hội đồng đánh giá luận văn và Trưởng Khoa quản lý chuyên ngành sau khi luận văn đã được sửa chữa (nếu có). CHỦ TỊCH HỘI ĐỒNG TRƯỞNG KHOA KỸ THUẬT HÓA HỌC Lê Nguyễn Đoan Duy Phan Thanh Sơn Nam ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP.HCM CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA Độc lập - Tự do - Hạnh phúc NHIỆM VỤ LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ Họ tên học viên: NGUYỄN SĨ NHẬT.
Ngày, tháng, năm sinh: 28/08/1996. Nơi sinh: Bình Thuận. Chuyên ngành: Công nghệ Thực phẩm. TÊN ĐỀ TÀI: Nghiên cứu sử dụng cám lúa mì đã xử lý enzyme trong sản xuất mì pasta giàu chất xơ.
NHIỆM VỤ VÀ NỘI DUNG: 1) Tổng quan tài liệu. 2) Khảo sát ảnh hưởng của việc bổ sung cám lúa mì đến chất lượng của mì pasta, bao gồm hoạt tính chống oxy hóa và chỉ số đường huyết in vitro. 3) Khảo sát ảnh hưởng của việc bổ sung chế phẩm gluten và xử lý bằng transglutaminase đến chất lượng của mì pasta giàu chất xơ, bao gồm thành phần hóa học, tính chất công nghệ, màu sắc, tính chất cơ lý và mức độ ưa thích chung. NGÀY GIAO NHIỆM VỤ: 15/01/2019.
NGÀY HOÀN THÀNH NHIỆM VỤ: 15/06/2019. CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN: GS. LÊ VĂN VIỆT MẪN. HCM, ngày 01 tháng 07 năm 2019 CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN CHỦ NHIỆM BỘ MÔN ĐÀO TẠO (Họ tên và chữ ký) (Họ tên và chữ ký) LÊ VĂN VIỆT MẪN LÊ VĂN VIỆT MẪN TRƯỞNG KHOA KỸ THUẬT HÓA HỌC (Họ tên và chữ ký) PHAN THANH SƠN NAM Declaration I declare that this thesis presented for the Master’s degree in Food Technology, has i) been composed entirely by myself 2i) been solely the result of my own work 3i) not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification.
Ho Chi Minh City, July 29th 2019. NGUYEN SI NHAT i Acknowledgement I would like express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Le Van Viet Man, who helped me with the experimental design as well as revision of the manuscript. I am deeply thankful for his valuable instruction and support during the time doing research. I also would like to thank my friends who accompanied me through this long journey and offering endless support.
Finally, I am grateful to my mother for her unconditional love and wholehearted encouragement. ii Abstract Wheat bran is a by-product of the milling process. This material is rich in protein, minerals and dietary fiber. However, it has been mainly used as animal feed and fertilizer.
In our previous research, wheat bran was treated with cellulase preparation and employed in the production of a high fiber pasta by partially replacing the semolina portion. In this study, the antioxidant activity and glycemic index of the wheat bran-fortified pasta were investigated. Additionally, the potentials of vital gluten addition and transglutaminase treatment in improving quality of bran-enriched pasta were also examined. The inclusion of wheat bran into flour formulation improved the antioxidant activity of pasta in terms of total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power; as well as reducing the glycemic response of pasta.
The fortification of gluten preparation and use of transglutaminase enhanced the cooking performance as well as the firmness, tensile strength and overall acceptability of pasta. In particular, the combination of vital gluten addition and transglutaminase treatment was more effective in enhancing cooking loss, firmness and tensile strength. iii Table of Contents Declaration. iii List of Tables.
vi List of Figures. vii List of Acronyms .1 Definition, classification and physiological effects of dietary fiber .2 Wheat bran–A potential source of dietary fiber .3 Conversion of insoluble fiber into soluble fiber by enzymatic treatment .4 Application of cellulase and xylanase preparations in processing of cereal brans .2 Pasta with high fiber content .1 Technology of making pasta with high fiber content .2 Quality of fiber-enriched pasta.3 Quality improvement of fiber-enriched pasta .1 Methods for improving textural quality of fiber-enriched pasta .2 Improvement in pasta texture by addition of vital wheat gluten .3 Improvement in pasta texture by the use of transglutaminase preparation .4 Originality of this research. 9 3 Materials and Methods .1 Materials for making high fiber pasta. 24 4 Results and Discussion.1 Proximate composition, color, and antioxidant activity of raw materials.1 Proximate composition of raw materials.2 Color parameters of raw materials .3 Antioxidant activity of raw materials .2 Effects of wheat bran incorporation on the qualities of pasta .3 In vitro starch digestion and predicted glycemic index of pasta .3 Effects of vital gluten addition and transglutaminase (TG) treatment on the qualities of pasta.
40 5 Conclusion and Suggestion. 42 6 Appendix: Supplementary data. 44 v List of Tables Table 2.1 Dietary fiber components in wheat bran (Hemdane et al.1 Dough formulation and transglutaminase (TG) dosage used in pasta making .1 Proximate composition of raw materials .2 Color parameters of raw materials .3 Antioxidant activity of raw materials .4 Antioxidant activity of uncooked pasta samples .5 Proximate composition of pasta samples .6 Cooking qualities of pasta samples .7 Texture profile of pasta samples .8 Color parameters of uncooked pasta samples .9 Color parameters of cooked pasta samples .10 Overall acceptability of pasta samples .1 Percentage of starch hydrolyzed during in vitro digestion of pasta samples .2 Kinetic parameters of starch hydrolysis during in vitro digestion of pasta samples 43 Table 6.3 Area under curve (AUC) and hydrolysis index (HI) of pasta samples.4 Predicted glycemic index (pGI) of pasta samples .5 Proximate composition of bran-enriched pasta samples. 44 vi List of Figures Figure 3.1 Preparation of enzyme-treated wheat bran .2 Production of bran-enriched pasta .3 Production of gluten-fortified pasta .4 Production of transglutaminase-treated pasta .1 In vitro starch digestion of pasta samples .2 Predicted glycemic index of pasta samples.
30 vii List of Acronyms AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl FRAP ferric reducing ability of plasma IDF insoluble dietary fiber SDF soluble dietary fiber TDF total dietary fiber TG transglutaminase TPC total phenolic content d. dry matter pGI predicted glycemic index viii 1 Introduction Pasta from durum wheat is a common staple food in many countries. It is regarded as a healthy food due to its relatively low fat composition and having a good source of low glycemic index carbohydrate. However, the dietary fiber content of pasta is low, only 1.
To resolve this problem, pasta is prepared from wholegrain or incorporated with inulin, β-glucan and other ingredients to increase the fiber content (Foschia, Peressini, Sensidoni, & Brennan, 2013). Another potential source of dietary fiber for human consumption is wheat bran. This cereal material has the content of total dietary fiber up to 63. Nevertheless, 90% of wheat bran has been mainly used for animal feeding worldwide (Song, Zhu, Pei, Ai, & Chen, 2013).
Apart from this, the ratio of insoluble dietary fiber to soluble dietary fiber (IDF/SDF) of wheat bran is highly unbalanced, which is about 7:1. On the nutritional perspective, it is advised to lower this ratio in order to maximize the beneficial effects of dietary fiber, including weight control and reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and colonic cancer (Jha, Singh, & Prakash, 2017). In our previous study, pasta products with high fiber content was produced by introducing wheat bran into the formulation (Si Nhat & Thi Cam Tu, 2018). Notably, pasta containing bran treated with cellulase preparation exhibited a high soluble fiber content and a balanced IDF/SDF ratio.
In the mentioned research, the effects of bran inclusion on pasta quality in terms of dietary fiber content, cooking performance, texture, and overall acceptability were assessed. However, the changes in other properties of interest, i. antioxidant activity and glycemic response, were not yet measured. On the other hand, the most challenging problem of incorporating wheat bran into pasta is the adverse impact on textural quality, mainly due to the disrupted protein network.
The deterioration in pasta texture also correlated with the reduction in overall acceptability of consumers. Thus, enhancement in textural properties of bran-enriched pasta is of high importance. This research aims to investigate the impacts of fortifying enzyme-treated and untreated wheat bran on the antioxidant activity and in vitro starch digestion of pasta product. Additionally, this study also examines the feasibility of using transglutaminase treatment and vital gluten addition as improvement solutions in manufacturing of bran- enriched pasta.1 Definition, classification and physiological effects of dietary fiber Dietary fibers are carbohydrate polymers with three or more monomeric units and not hydrolyzed by the endogenous enzymes of the human small intestine (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, 2015).
Based on their solubility in water, dietary fibers can be classified into insoluble and soluble dietary fibers. Lignin, cellulose, and some hemicelluloses belong to the insoluble dietary fiber; while pectic polysaccharides, β-glucans, galactomannans, fructans, gums, and other non-starch polysaccharides are the representatives of soluble dietary fiber (Maphosa & Jideani, 2016). Insoluble and soluble dietary fibers have different effects on normal gut activity. The insoluble fibers are neither digested nor fermented in the gastrointestinal tract.
They are mainly responsible for absorption, swelling and holding of water molecules within their porous structures (Mudgil, 2017). The hydration of insoluble fibers may result in increased fecal bulk and softened stool, therefore improving proper bowel movement and facilitating laxation (Foschia et al. In contrast, the soluble fibers are fermented by the colonic microbiota in the large intestine with various extents. Some of them are slowly fermented and exert laxative effect, whereas the others are rapidly fermented and serve as substrates for potentially beneficial bacteria (McRorie, 2015).
Such soluble fibers selectively stimulate the growth and activity of these microorganisms, thus enhancing the host health. This phenomenon is clinically designated as prebiotic effect (Slavin, 2013). Certain soluble fibers such as β-glucan, psyllium and guar gum may increase the viscosity of the aqueous phase when ingested. The consumption of this kind of fibers might lead to the decrease in the plasma cholesterol level and glycemic response (Stephen et al.
The mechanism by which those fibers can lower the serum cholesterol level is the entrapment and elimination of bile via the stool (McRorie, 2015). In addition, the attenuation of glycemic response by soluble fibers could be explained by the limited contact between digestive enzymes and complex substrates due to the elevated viscosity, which in turn impedes the degradation of macromolecules into readily absorbed nutrients (McRorie, 2015).