I Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah Published by: Lulu Press, Inc. 627 Davis Drive, Suite 300, Morrisville, NC 27560, United States Call: +18442120689 Published: October 26, 2019 ISBN: 978-1-79470-410-7 Content ID: 25451672 Product ID: 24295681 Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah International University of Africa Sudan Khartoum B.
Chemistry University of Medical Science and Technology Sudan Khartoum M. Pharmaceutical Chemistry E-mail: asqalaani89@gmail.com Phone: +249901817294 I Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah Preface This edition of basic chemistry book, were based on Puntland secondary syllabus in high school education. This textbook has been designed to help you in your study of chemistry in Puntland state of Somalia.
II Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah Acknowledgements I would like to thank my best friends Dr. Alsheikh Mohamed Farah, Mr. Hamza Barbara, Mr.
Shuiab Mubarak, Mr. Alshiekh Ismail Hassan Abdullahi, Mr. Mohamed Abdulkadir Diriye and Mr. Mona Omar Abdulahi for their never ending patience and encouragement throughout the production of this textbook.
And also, I would like to acknowledge everyone who played a role for the completion of this book. I would like to extend my gratitude to my parents, whom without their support and love I could never have reached where I am today. Thank you all for your unwavering support. Dedication To my mother and father.
III Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah ADVISORY COMMITTEE Dr. Alsheikh Mohamed Farah Hussian B. Applied and Industrial Chemistry M.
Industrial chemistry International University of Africa Khartoum Sudan Lecturer International University of Africa Khartoum Sudan Mr. Applied and Industrial Chemistry M. Industrial Chemistry International University of Africa Khartoum Sudan M. Chemistry King Fahad University Saudi Arabia Mr.
Mohamed Abdulkadir Diriye B. Applied and Industrial Chemistry M. Industrial Chemistry International University of Africa Khartoum Sudan Lecturer Moqdisho University in Somalia Mr. Applied and Industrial Chemistry M.
Industrial Chemistry International University of Africa Khartoum Sudan Lecturer International University of Africa Khartoum Sudan Mr. Alshiekh Ismail Hassan Abdullahi B. Applied and Industrial Chemistry International University of Africa Khartoum Sudan M. Process Plant Operation University Malaysia Pahang Mr.
Mona Omar Abdulahi B. Applied and Industrial Chemistry International University of Africa Khartoum Sudan M. Enviromental Science Hargiasa University at HAargiasa Somalia IV Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah Contents Preface II Acknowledgement III Dedication III Advisory Committee IV Chapter I 1 Introduction to chemistry 1 1.1 Introduction to chemistry 1 1.2 Pure substances and mixtures 3 1.4 Physical changes and chemical changes 7 1.6 Safety rules and regulations 12 1.7 Exercise 22 Chapter II 23 Elements in periodic table 23 2.1 Elements, compounds and mixtures 23 2.2 Structure of the atom 27 2.5 Exercise 44 Chapter III 46 3.
Metals and their ores 46 3. Reaction of metals 49 3. Rusting 53 V Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah 3.
Properties of Materials 62 3. Uses of materials 63 3.9 Exercise 66 Chapter IV 67 More about physical and chemical changes 67 4.1 The kinetic theory of matter 67 4.2 Change of states and kinetic theory 68 4.3 Combustion and oxidation 70 4. Rates of reaction 78 4.7 Exercise 80 Chapter V 82 Acid and Base 82 5.1 Introduction to acids 82 5.2 Acid and base indicators 84 5.3 Properties of acids 87 5.4 Bases and its Properties 90 5.6 Exercise 69 Chapter VI 97 Air, earth and water 97 6.1 Air and its uses 97 6.3 Water and water cycle 102 VI Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah 6.4 Hard and soft water 108 6.6 Exercise 112 Revision 114 References 124 VII Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr.
Mohamed Hersi Farah 1.1 Introduction to Chemistry Chemistry is the science of matter (that is, of all Physical substances including gases and liquids as well as solids) and the changes that occur between different kinds of matter - especially chemical changes (called "reactions") when types of matter are re-arranged into other types of matter e. water splitting into the gases hydrogen and oxygen. That is, chemistry is a Physical science concerned with the composition, structure, behavior, and properties of matter and with the changes it undergoes during, and as a result of, chemical reactions. It involves study of substances in all of the states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) and knowledge and understanding of the various structures of matter (include e.
atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates) whether in isolation or in combination with others.1 How Chemistry Related To Everyday Life, Environmental and Society Chemistry is a big part of our everyday life. We find chemistry in daily life in the foods we eat, the air we breathe, our soap, our emotions and literally every object we can see or touch. Chemistry has played a very important role in our life. It has contributed a lot towards the well-being of mankind in form of food, clothing, shelter, medical treatment and in providing environmental facilities.
A variety of chemical facilities are being manufactured in thousands of industries every day. Mass productions of commodities are amazing, which save people from station. Crops are being protected by using pesticides. Food processing factories are working day and night 1 Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr.
Mohamed Hersi Farah for preparing refined foods. The production of a variety of artificial fibers has brought a revolution in our clothing. We owe colorful and fine dresses for all seasons to chemistry. Cement, iron, bricks glasses and etc.
used in the construction of our houses are the result of our knowledge of chemistry. The attractive and colorful paints are available in the market are used to makes the houses all the more beautiful. Polyester fiber, fiber glass, multi-color glass, glass crockery tikes, steel and alloy of deferent materials are all miraculous product of chemistry. The Physical and biological factories along interaction that affect organisms such as: CO2 , O2, N2 etc.
all undergo chemistry. The Role of Chemistry in Society: (a) Chemistry is used in the following: (I)Washing/cleaning with soap: Washing/cleaning is chemical processes that involve interaction of water, soap and dirt so as to remove the dirt from a garment. (ii)Understanding chemicals of life: Living thing grow, respire and feed. The formation and growth of cells involve chemical processes in living things using carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins.
(iii)Baking: Adding baking powder to dough and then heating in an oven involves interactions that require understanding of chemistry. (iv) Medicine: Discovery, test, prescription and dosage of drugs to be used for medicinal purposes require advanced understanding of chemistry 2 Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah (v) Fractional distillation of crude oil: Crude oil is fractional distilled to useful portions like petrol, diesel, and kerosene by applying chemistry. (vi) Manufacture of synthetic compounds/substances: Large amounts of plastics, glass, fertilizers, insecticides, soaps, cements, are manufactured worldwide.
Advanced understanding of the chemical processes involved is a requirement. (vii)Diagnosis/test for abnormal body functions: If the body is not functioning normally, it is said to be sick/ill. Laboratory test are done to diagnose the illness/sickness.2 Important of Chemistry 1. Everything is made of chemicals such as drugs and food.
May all changes we observe in the world around us are caused by chemical reactions example: include changing color of leaves, cooking food and getting clean. Knowing some chemistry can help you make day to day decisions that affect your life. Studding of chemistry gives us the opportunity to better understanding the world that we live in.2 Pure Substances and Mixtures A pure substance is a sample of matter with both definite and constant composition with distinct chemical properties. Examples: Water Diamond, Gold, Table Salt (Sodium Chloride), Ethanol and Etc.
Mixture is substances (more different substances) which is mixed but are not combined chemically. 3 Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah A mixture refers to the physical combinations of two or more substance on which the identities are retained and mixed the form of solution, suspension and colloids. Solution is homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase.
Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Colloid is a substance in which microscopically dispersed insoluble particles are suspended throughout another substance.1) pure substance and mixture Table (1.1): The different between pure substances and mixtures Pure substances Mixture 1. A pure substance has only one 1. a mixture has variable combination component.
pure water is a E. alcohol-water, both co-exist pure substances it consist of only together. Elements and compounds are 2. a mixture can be either substances it is collection of homogeneous or heterogeneous dissimilar particles will not undergo chemical reaction.
Note: - mixtures are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. When a spoonful of sugar dissolves in water, the composition of the mixture, after sufficient stirring, is 4 Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah same throughout the solution. This solution is homogeneous mixture.
If sand is mixed with iron filing however, the sand grains and the iron filing remain visible and separate. This type of mixture, in which the composition isn’t uniform, is called heterogeneous mixture. Note: - adding oil to water creates another heterogeneous mixture because the liquid doesn’t have composition.3 Matter Matter is everything around you. Atoms and molecules are composed of matter.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.1 States of Matter Gas, liquid and solid are all made up particles, but the behavior of these particles differ in the three phase.2) states of mater Table (1.2): Classification of Matter by Physical State Solids Liquids Gases Fixed volume Fixed volume No Fixed volume Fixed shape No fixed shape No fixed shape 5 Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah Maintain their Are fluid Are fluid shape Flow Flow Are rigid Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Note: 1. The three forms of matter (solid, liquid, gas) are referred to as states of matter 2. This classification is not very meaningful, since the majority of the different forms of matter may exist in all three Physical states, depending on conditions.
Example: water can exist as: 1. Gaseous water or water vapor (above 100℃) The term vapor is used to refer to the gaseous state of a form of matter that exists as a solid or a liquid at room temperature (25℃) Table (1.3): Some Characteristics of gases, liquids & solids, and the explanations for their behavior: Gases Liquids Solids 1. Assumes the shape and 1. Assumes the shape of 1.
Retains a fixed volume volume of its container the part of the & shape (rigid- (particle can move past container which it particles locked in to one other. Compressible (lots of 2. Not easily compressible free space between compressible (little (little free space between 6 Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr. Mohamed Hersi Farah particles) free scape between particle) particles) 3.
Follow easily (particle 3. Flow easily (particle 3.Does not flow easily can move past one can move/slide past (rigid- particles cannot another) one other) move/slide) Figure (1.3) states of mater 1.4 Physical Changes and Chemical Changes A physical change is any alteration that does not change the identity of the matter. Shredding paper does not change the paper into a different substance. Dissolving salt in water is a physical change because after the change, the salt and water are both still there.
A chemical change is any alteration that changes the identity of matter. For example, by passing electricity through water it can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen. Burning paper is a chemical change because after the change takes place, the paper has been changed into different substances (like ash, carbon dioxide, etc. 7 Basic Chemistry Book | By Mr.
Mohamed Hersi Farah Every day we witness changes in matter: ice melts, iron rust, gasoline burn, fruit ripens and water evaporates what happens to the molecules or atoms that compose these samples of matter during such changes?