MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT-BASED MEATBALL FROM SOLID WASTE OF SPLIT GILL MUSHROOM (SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE) AFTER PHENOLIC EXTRACTION A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Nguyen Thi Hoang Luong Supervisor: Assoc.Nantawan Therdthai Dr. Nguyen Minh Xuan Hong Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT-BASED MEATBALL FROM SOLID WASTE OF SPLIT GILL MUSHROOM (SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE) AFTER PHENOLIC EXTRACTION A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Nguyen Thi Hoang Luong Supervisor: Assoc.Nantawan Therdthai Dr. Nguyen Minh Xuan Hong Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to be grateful thank and deeply indebted to Assoc. Nantawan Therdthai, my thesis advisor, and Dr.
Nguyen Minh Xuan Hong, my thesis co-advisor, for advice, encouragement, and valuable suggestions for completely doing research. Without their assistance and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process, this paper would have never been accomplished. I could not have done my thesis without the help of other members, especially Ms. Walailak Khotchai, who helped me with the laboratory problem and gave me their opinions during my research.
After all, I would not have had the chance to do this project without the most enthusiastic supervision from Dr. Last but not least, I would like to give my warmest thanks to the Department of Product Development, Kasetsart University for giving me this precious opportunity to learn and get experiences during 90 days at Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, and the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University for offering me a chance to go to have my project done in Thailand. Nguyen Thi Hoang Luong ABSTRACT Split gill mushrooms (SGM) are known to have many health benefits, including boosting the immune system, improving digestion, and reducing inflammation. It is also believed to have anti-cancer properties and be a natural source of antioxidants due to its high content of phenolic compounds.
This study aims to investigate the autoclave extraction of total phenolic compounds from SGM and develop plant-based meatballs from the solid waste of SGM extraction. The extraction was conducted with the ratio of 1 dried SGM to 6 distilled water at 120 °C for 10 minutes. The obtained liquid fraction after extraction contained 22.06 (%db) carbohydrate while the solid fraction still contained 3. Therefore, this study tried to use solid fraction for the formulation of plant-based meatballs.
After extraction, the SGM solid fraction was dried and ground into powder. Five treatments of plant-based meatballs were prepared with an increasing ratio of SGM powder from 0 to 20%. Samples were evaluated for color, texture profile analysis (TPA), and sensory tests. A 9-point hedonic scale was used to evaluate the sensory characteristics (color, taste, texture, and overall acceptance) of the products.
Two optimum treatments, 0% SGM and 10% SGM, which had better sensory results, were selected for proximate analysis and total phenolic content determination. The result showed that adding 10% SGM increased the total phenolic content of the product from 0.10 (mg GAE/g of dry extract), while there was no significant difference in the proximate result of the SGM product compared to control samples. The result indicates that the SGM solid fraction after autoclave extraction can be used as an ingredient to develop plant-based meatballs and contributes to the increase in the overall phenolic content of the final product. u Keywords: Split gill mushroom, Schizophyllum commune, autoclave extraction, solid fraction, plant-based meatball ill TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ben g1 ác 131381416414 095K66SEEkAGGSSEvE483S835885453S8454Sã93582885885856 i ABSTRACT ssssssssssyassssessesosssosnescessasscsssssesasvessesvesvsssessessassoccessssnsssesaasossstsesessoavessnsecsoess ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .cscsssssssssssssscssssscssssssssesecsscssssssssssssssessssessesssssersessesees iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS sscssssssssscssssessssssssnssssssssassnsossaassassasaccaseaadeacecssasoseassesanses Vii LIST OB TABLES sssscsscssssscsrsasecssasacaansssssssvnavssnssssneasssoonsscunsunaessaaanssassasseisosseseaseossens Viii LIST OF FIGURES sssssscssesssssesssssnsesnsossceassassasoosoeseessossescessosestenssnanissansansonesvsnsessossesses ix CHAPTER 1.o SH HH HH 0104008030880 06 3 „1, OVERVIEW OE Split Đ1ILTTIHEHfGDITH:iasenseminniionnsibiiDiSdS604SE581033085130083/3ã84400383g88558 3 2.l;l„ Genetal inToriiilDTT voc cearsraemnseseaencesueencanniarna seenuayasnnaesmenemdrmerans 3 2.
Antioxidant properties of split gill mushroom. Health benefits of split gill mushroom. Nutrition values of split gill mushroom. Application of split gill mushrOOIM.-- -- 55525 *++*£++£+eezeereeererrerrrerree 9 24, Goiifiq6ñ706ENod Of EXTECH OR seo nga nguangoibi HãtRGữö©Ì38G138Đ835388RSEI243QQ013308Si18a#SaS1 11 2.
Hot water extraction. Ethanol eXtraC(IOII. Autoclave-ultrasonication €X{FAC. Microwave-assisted exfraCfIOT.AutoelaVe EXIACH ON <cecececsctinceesteniunererim reesei ETIEET: 14 2.
Production of meatbalÏL.) si, Overviewor mica tall Lxesssseesssenessei5650561303605262 3d0780/4508g801630530210385100008 15 2. Meatball PrOCESS ite MCUIONS TS“. Factors affecting the quality of meatball. Quality standard of mea(tbđlÏis:issssssiiiznsaniisdiildoiikRgisbiaaiiasl 21 CHAPTER 3.
MATERIALS AND METHODS. Materials, chemicals, and eqUIpI€TIVL.-- -- 5 55+ ++*>+*++z++zeexereerrerxrs 22 bePeel 2) (ec 2) ee eeee 22 3:2. Extraction of total phenolic content from split gill mushroom. Application of split gill mushroom powder in the formulation of plant-based 51010007.
Methods for anal ysiSicansccsepscanmam rN RRES 29 BA ls Yield OFTHE (EVOIHỮ PLOCESS xccssssuvsasnsxosmssansuennanemsmnasetomaneeossamswes 29 3. Physical properties of split gill mushroom material after extraction and plant-based meatball ox. Texture profile analysis (TPA) of plant-based meatball. Sensory quality/ Preference test of plant-based meatball.
Chemical properties of split gill mushroom material after extraction bu 909 2006115t001vï0 2) DA.Ì2l ANALYSIS weccnen pen macceneunsens cemensmetnn enenenanees nemmmeamrearancmerammmiaetes 35 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Properties of liquid and solid fractions after extraction of total phenolic content IrGiBi,SBIIEJDIIlRUESHTOGHuusreeeenebiniastiitoi EitdSdEEGSIIHGENSSHGSSSNGERONSISEEEIGGRSSEIGSUISBUEHS. Color, pH, and dwg (geometric mean diameter) measurement.
Proximate analysis of liquid and solid fractIons. Yield of split gill mushroom powder after drying. Application of split gill mushroom powder in the formulation of plant-based 4. Color measurement of plant-based meatball with different split gill mushroom POWder TAfIOS.
Texture properties of plant-based meatball with different split gill mushroom pow derwalloStevie. caesar nae eee 43 4. Sensory test of plant-based meatball with different split gill mushroom DOW€T LatiO oe. Chemical properties ofplant-based meatball with two different split gill mushroom powder ratios (0% SGM and10% SGM).
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 50 Bl CORECLUSIONS stesicose cmcnionnenservenuurevtnnanemanewasnndtcaenine anoucumaanes meaanencansimereamonvmunneaeniasdtt 50 5. 50 REFERENCES secssssscxsecsexessosonsessevsessosseasccveussscaasssonsssssrssosesssvssonssansnascansexessinsacasossusen 51 APPENDICES to ngi g0 x0ngi005080886650x04G100334GÁGG08880538088-8ã808SdQgAGtiniifĂidixga 58 APPENDIX A. SENSORY RESULT OF PLANT-BASED MEATBALL.
ABSORBANCE OF THE STANDARD CURVE (TPC). SOME FIGURES IN THIS RESEAR.--- 61 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ug GAE/ml microgram of gallic acid equivalent per milliliter AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists ANOVA Analysis of Variance ASABE American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ATCC American Type Culture Collection AUE Autoclave-ultrasonication extract dew geometric mean diameter IC5 Half-maximal inhibitory concentration MAE Microwave-assisted extraction mg GAE/g milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per gram rpm revolutions per minute S. commune Schizophyllum commune SGM Split gill mushroom TPA Texture profile analysis TPC Total phenolic content vil LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Nutritional content of Schizophyllum COIHTHHIHE.
Proximate composition of wild and cultivated S. The function of every component and method used to make beef TH GáiS voc neenaseeaeiassbiasisgS69001895931334550390383393-10S0S00108015499 8E58020000104073800038/4000608 18 Table 2. The formulation of vegetarian meatballs with oyster mushroom and CONS 6 i ee ee 19 Table 3. Experimental design for the development of a plant-based meatballs TOTTHU ee eee ee ee eee 27 Table 4.
Color of split gill mushroom fractions after extraction. Composition of liquid and solid fractions after extraction of TPC from Split rll TAUSHCO ODT sec scenes seen ccserss aceerses seas sesesena nae wsesin recess wasenaxenmeanamarasesustaRReR: 39 Table 4. Yield of dried split gill mushroom.-- 5 5 525222 >2*++s£ss++czss 4I Table 4. Color parameters of the plant-based minced meatball with different levels Of SGM powder 0.
Texture parameters of the plant-based meatball with different SGM THÍ 2x11 001g Tá 1418141451464 3801601648630 K8SEL084 4613435100118 1L5131001851G8014543594656G555X5SEU5443GESGHE. Proximate composition of plant-based meatball product with 10% SGM AL HEHOITE SS CIM cc cansisn sxonmxsasinuseonisarasectnnesestencizan snain hsinws dtamtnstsiinesemtacinaaiore seantaunateonnte 46 Table A. Sensory liking of the plant-based meatball with different split gill MUSHTOOM LatO 20. Absorbance of the standard curve (TPC).
Absorbance of plant-based meatball.-- ----- 5+2 s++s==ss=+e==ss 60 vill LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. The chemical structure of schizophyllan. Schizophyllum commune (a) in the dead tree and (b) in the farm. The technological process for the preparation of beef meatballs.
Schizophyllum commune raw 1mafeT1aÌL. -cc+cc+ccsccsccseeses 22 Figure 3. Autoclave extraction of total phenolic content from split gill NHI SH HT ee 24 Figure 3. Preparation of split gill mushroom powder.
Plant-based meatball preparatIOI. Appearance of (a) SGM solid fraction after extraction, (b) SGM 090. Color of plant-based meatball with different split gill mushroom SRI (OL Lc ee er ee 42 Figure 4. The spider web of sensory liking of the plant-based meatball with different SGM powder TAfIOS.
Total phenolic contents of developed plant-based meatball product from Split rll MVS COC secre see cerns cố. Standard curve of Gallic aC1d. Sample for measuring the color of plant-based meatball. Color ofplant-based meatball with (a) 0% SGM and (b) 10% SGM before measuring the absorba'iC€.-- - + + +22 2222 * +22 *+2EE+zEE+zeEEereereeerreerreerre 61 Figure C.
The amount of split gill mushroom powder in meshes from big to small opening size with mesh numbers (a) 40 (0.-- --- --+++-+++<++sc+zsseerzerrxrs 62 1X CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Since some bioactive molecules have been identified in different types of mushrooms, mushroom have long been valued for their potential health benefits (Chaturvedi et al. Among them, Schizophyllum commune (S. commune), also known as the split gill mushroom (SGM), is a useful medicinal mushroom.
Rich-glucans (schizophyllan) make up the cell wall of the organism. This mushroom has a wealth of biological properties and a high nutritional content (Klaus et al. Although many studies have employed plants to extract bioactive compounds to apply their particular biological activity, mushrooms have rarely been the focus of such studies. Therefore, the extraction of bioactive compounds from mushroom is neccessary for the usage of these precious substances in food technology.
Among different extraction methods, the pressured hot water extraction can be performed with an autoclave or a high-pressure cooker. This method is safe and easily operated without the need for new or expensive extraction machinery (Luft et al.The extraction is accelerated by the increased cell wall disruption, mass transfer, and solubility at higher pressure and temperature (Plaza and Marina, 2023). On the other hand, a growing number of people are choosing vegetarian diets for a variety of reasons, including health concerns, ethical considerations, and environmental awareness (Fresan and Sabaté, 2019, Jabs et al. These diets, when well-planned, can provide the necessary nutrition and have been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases (Fresan and Sabaté, 2019).
They also align with planetary health, as they are more environmentally sustainable and can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and natural resource use. Besides, the use of plant-based meat alternatives, including meatballs, can have a lower carbon footprint compared to traditional meat production (Van Vliet et al. In this study, the phenolic compounds of split gill mushrooms have been extracted for further application, and the solid waste from the extraction process was used to create plant-based meatball. The objectives of this study were: 1.
To extract phenolic compounds from split gill mushrooms by using autoclave extraction. To develop a plant-based meatball product with high nutrition, and high antioxidants and offer health benefits to vegan consumers from the solid waste of the split gill mushroom extraction. Overview of split gill mushroom 2. General information Schizophyllum commune, commonly known as the split-gill mushroom, belongs to the Schizophylaceae family.
One of the noteworthy compounds produced by this mushroom is schizophyllan (Saetang et al. Schizophyllan is a type of homopolysaccharide, which means it is composed of a chain of identical sugar units. Specifically, schizophyllan consists of linear chains of B-D- (1-3)-glucopyranosyl groups and B-D-(1-6)-glucopyranosyl groups. This linear chain structure is significant in understanding its properties and functions.
Being non-ionic and water-soluble, schizophyllan has drawn attention in various fields, including the pharmaceutical industry. It is known for its immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic properties, making it a subject of interest for medicinal and therapeutic applications (Zhang et al. Additionally, its water-solubility allows for effective extraction and utilization in various processes.