Phân Tích Tình Thái Trong Các Phát Biểu Của Barack Obama Về Ứng Cử Tổng Thống 2008 Và 2012

Luận văn thạc sĩ phân tích vnu ulis modality in barack obamas remarks announcing candidacy for presidents in 2008 and 2012, đánh giá thực trạng, chỉ ra hạn chế, đề xuất giải pháp

2014

99
2
0

Phí lưu trữ

35 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

1. RATIONALE

2. SIGNIFICANCE

3. SCOPE

4. AIMS & OBJECTIVES

5. METHODS

6. STRUCTURE

6.1. PART A. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

7. MODALITY, MOOD & MODE

8. VARIABLES OF MODALITY

8.1. Type

8.2. Polarity

8.3. Orientation

8.4. Value

9. REALIZATIONS OF MODALITY

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES DOÃN THÙY LINH MODALITY IN BARACK OBAMA’S REMARKS ANNOUNCING CANDIDACY FOR PRESIDENTS IN 2008 AND 2012 (TÌNH THÁI TRONG CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU MỞ ĐẦU CHIẾN DỊCH TRANH CỬ TỔNG THỐNG NĂM 2008 VÀ 2012 CỦA BARACK OBAMA) MA Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 HÀ NỘI – 2014 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES DOÃN THÙY LINH MODALITY IN BARACK OBAMA’S REMARKS ANNOUNCING CANDIDACY FOR PRESIDENTS IN 2008 AND 2012 (TÌNH THÁI TRONG CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU MỞ ĐẦU CHIẾN DỊCH TRANH CỬ TỔNG THỐNG NĂM 2008 VÀ 2012 CỦA BARACK OBAMA) MA Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc. Trần Xuân Điệp HÀ NỘI – 2014 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis, entitled Modality in Barack Obama’s Remarks Announcing Candidacy for President in 2008 and 2012, has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other universities. This work is the result of my own original research and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. Signature DOÃN THÙY LINH i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In completing this thesis, I owe a particular debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Professor Tran Xuan Diep. I thank him for his profound knowledge, encouragement, support and patience. Without his whole-hearted guidance, insightful comments and recommendations, this thesis would not have been possible. My sincere thank also goes to my instructor, Professor Hoang Van Van, whose lectures have inspired me to the foundation of this thesis. In addition, I would like to thank all of my lecturers in the faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, ULIS for their interesting lessons and dedication. Finally, I must record my deep gratitude to my family. It is their enduring love and expectations that have motivated me to complete this thesis. ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Modality in political speeches has been arousing much interest among researchers. This paper was conducted on the ground of Systemic Functional Grammar, introduced by Halliday (1994). According to the theory, modality is analyzed as a system of type, polarity, orientation and value. Two remarks declaring Barack Obama‘s candidacy for presidents in 2008 and 2012 were investigated. The study firstly focused on the lexico-grammatical realizations of modality. Secondly, modal features denoted in the two selected political discourses were taken into consideration. Finally, appropriate discussions and comparisons were also be made. iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION …………………………………………………………………. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………. vi LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ………………………………………………. Aims and Objectives ……. Modality, Mood & Mode…………. Variables of Modality………………………………. Realizations of Modality …………………………………………………. Political Discourse & Modality …………………………………………. Modality in Political Discourse …………………………………… 13 1. Review on Previous Works ………………………………………………. 14 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Statistical Analysis ………………………………………………………… 19 Chapter 3. Realizations of Modality …………………………………………………. Variables of Modality ……………………………………………………… 36 PART C. Realizations of Modality in Remark 1……………. Realizations of Modality in Remark 2……………………………… XXXV v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATION SFG: Systemic Functional Grammar vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES Figure 1 Types of modality Page 6 Figure 2 Relation of modality to polarity Page 7 Figure 3 Orientations in modality Page 8 Figure 4 Examples of transfer between proposition and modality in Page 9 median value Table 1 Examples of type and orientation combined Page 8 Table 2 Values of modality expressions Page 9 Table 3 Typical realizations of modality Page 11 Table 4 Examples of modality expressions used in two remarks Page 21 Table 5 Occurrences of kinds of modality expressions in two remarks Page 22 Table 6 Occurrences of modality expressions in used in two remarks Page 23 Table 7 Occurrences of modality expressions used in two remarks in Page 26 terms of type Table 8 Examples of modality expressions used in two remarks in terms Page 29 of orientation Table 9 Occurrences of modality expressions used in two remarks in Page 29 terms of orientation Table 10 Examples of modality expressions used in two remarks in terms Page 30 of value Table 11 Occurrences of modality expressions used in two remarks in Page 31 terms of value vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Rationale Modality, for a long time, has been discussed by scholars all around the world. This linguistic phenomenon refers to how language is used to express the speaker‘s attitude. Especially, the performance of modality in political speeches has provoked high interest in the researchers. Among many politicians, Barack Obama, the forty- forth President of the United States, has been working as the subject of numerous works. He has won two continuous presidential terms; therefore, his language use is assumed to make a considerable contribution to the remarkable success. Thus, linguistic expressions which Obama had employed to denote modality need being investigated. This study was conducted for the main purpose of revealing linguistic forms to characterize modality in Obama‘s speeches. In particular, the selected materials were the two remarks declaring Obama‘s candidacy for President in 2008 and 2012. The former was made in Illinois in 2007 while the latter was produced in Ohio in 2012. Significance It is widely agreed that the interpersonal relationship between the speaker and the listeners is vital in political discourses. In other words, it is modality that not only expresses the orator‘s ideology but also evoke the audience‘s affection and thoughts. The reciprocal relations are regarded as the core of all political communications. Linguistically, exploring modal features in those texts is eligible. Practically, the examined documents were two speeches announcing Obama‘s engagement into the race of becoming the White House‘s owner. As can be popularly agreed, the very first movement of one candidate would become high concern to the public. Indeed, these opening speeches were expected to proclaim the major guidance for the whole campaign. The approval and support from the audience would be the major objectives of these two discourses. Consequently, modal features via the system of modality expressions could partly make contribution to fulfill those intentions. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Scope Based on the theory of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), modality attributes in Obama‘s remarks were studied with the lexico-grammar approach. Modality, in fact, can also realized by phonological features. However, the selected materials were identified as two discourses in written form. Consequently, the modality system of these texts would be examined in regard to lexico-grammatical markers. Regarding the materials, only two remarks were scrutinized in this paper. Both of the two discourses played crucial roles as they officially declared Obama‘s candidacy to American voters. Furthermore, these texts transferred the principle messages of the entire campaign from Obama to his audience. Aims & Objectives The study was intended to investigate modality within two political discourses made by Obama for announcing his presidential candidacy in two tenures of 2008 and 2012. Founded on Halliday‘s SFG, modality features in the two speeches would be analyzed. It was assumed that Obama had utilized different modality expressions to receive his voters‘ agreement and trust. In addition, as two speeches were studied, some comparisons would be made. To be more specific, this study was conducted to fulfill the following objectives. Firstly, what modality expressions utilized by Obama in his remarks would be clarified. Particularly, Obama‘s preference in one kind of modality marker was also highlighted. Secondly, modal characteristics with reference to SFG would be enlightened. Thirdly, the study aimed at comparing modality in two texts. In brief, these objectives were expressed through three research questions below: 1) Which modality expressions are used in Barack Obama‘s remarks announcing candidacy for presidents in 2008 and 2012? 2) How is modality expressed in the two remarks? 3) What are the similarities and differences of modal features in the two remarks? 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Methods With the transcripts of the two remarks retrieved from the website http://www.edu, the materials were studied with both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative method was employed to provide the descriptive statistics. This worked as the major tool in this paper. Counting would be efficient to reckon the modality expressions used by Obama in two speeches. Also, some comparisons in terms of the frequency in using the modality expressions would be achieved, thanks to quantitative method. Further, the corresponding discussions and arguments were made qualitatively. Structure This paper comprises the following major parts: PART A. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Chapter 2. CONCLUSION 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Modality, Mood & Mode The terms ‗modality‘, ‗mood‘ and ‗mode‘ have been used confusingly among the authors, though these notions convey distinctive entities. Hence, it is essential to have a look at these terms. According to Palmer (1986), modality and mood are interchangeable. He claims that modality is ―the grammaticalization of speakers‘ attitudes and opinions‖ and ―modality is what we want to do with what we say‖ (Palmer, 1986:16). This is approved by Bybee (1985) who defines ‗modality‘ as ―what speaker is doing with the whole proposition‖ (Bybee, 1985:122). Lyons (1995) also argues that despite an obvious etymological connection, three terms modality, modal and mood convey different things. In that case, he considers mood with reference to such grammatical categories of ‗indicative‘, ‗subjunctive‘ and ‗imperative‘. Nuyts (2006) cited in Erin (2010) strongly agrees with Lyons (1995) at this point. On the other hand, modality refers to ―speaker‘s attitudes towards or opinion about the truth of a proposition expressed by a sentence‖ (Lyons, 1995:330). Similarly modality, according to Kreidler (2002), is constituted by all the notions of ―what may be true or not, what ought to be and what ought not to be, what certain individuals are capable of and what is impossible for them, what obligations we have to do or to refrain from doing‖ (Kreidler, 2002: 239) . Scollon (2007), moreover, conflates mood with mode but differentiates those with modality. To be more precise, the meaning of mode (also mood) suggests ideas of ‗manner‘ or ‗the way things are done‘ in a particular case or situation (Scollon, 2007:129). Indeed ―mode refers to different communicative modes such as talking, writing, posing, gazing‖ meanwhile modality implies ―the varying states of projected reality or truth status‖ (Scollon, 2007:129). 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com According to Halliday (1994), the idea of mood is introduced in relation to the independent clauses [those can stand by themselves as a competence sentence along with the presence of thematic structure]. In this sense, an independent clause is either ‗indicative‘ or ‗imperative‘ in mood (Halliday, 1994:43). In the meantime, modality with regard to interpersonal metafunction denotes ―the speakers‘ judgment of the probabilities, or the obligations, involved in what he is saying‖ (Halliday, 1994:88). To sum up, the idea of mode, mood and modality can be distinguished as follows: mode refers to different communicative manners such as talking and writing; mood of an independent clause is realized either in indicative or imperative. Meanwhile, modality bears upon the intermediate degrees between positive and negative poles. Modality embedded in the interpersonal metafunction would be the major concern of this paper. Variables of Modality Modality system, according to Halliday (1994), is formed by four variables: types, polarity, orientations and values. Type Halliday (1994) reveals the first component of modality with reference to the commodity exchanged. In this case, a clause may fall into one of two kinds: information or goods-&-services. In terms of speech function, the clauses are realized as propositions and proposals, respectively. Further, modality is classified into four types: probability, usuality, obligation and inclination.

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