VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY PHAN KIM ANH BID COMPENSATION EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS BASED ON OWNER AND CONTRACTOR PERSPECTIVE USING GAME THEORY APPROACH Major: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Major code: 8580302 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, August 2021 THIS RESEARCH IS COMPLETED AT: HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU-HCM Instructor: Dr. Pham Vu Hong Son Examiner 1: Dr. Do Tien Sy Examiner 2: Dr. Nguyen Thanh Viet The master thesis is defended at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM on Google Meet on August 07th, 2021 The board of the Master’s Thesis Defense Council includes: 1.
Nguyen Anh Thu. Pham Hai Chien. Tran Nguyen Ngoc Cuong Member, Secrectary 4. Do Tien Sy.
Nguyen Thanh Viet. Reviewer 2 Verification of the Chairman of the Master’s Thesis Defense Council and the Dean of faculty of Civil Engineering after the thesis being corrected (If any). CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL DEAN OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING i VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH CITY Independence – Freedom - Happiness HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY THE TASK SHEET OF MASTER’S THESIS Full name: PHAN KIM ANH Student code: 1970355 Date of birth: December 5, 1992 Place of birth: Can Tho Major: Construction Management Major code: 8580302 I. THESIS TOPIC: Bid Compensation Effectiveness Analysis Based On Owner And Contractor Perspective Using Game Theory Approach II.
TASKS AND CONTENTS: Bid Compensation in Construction Management III. TASKS STARTING DATE: July, 2020 IV. TASKS ENDING DATE: July, 2021 V. INSTRUCTOR: Assistant Prof.
Pham Vu Hong Son Ho Chi Minh City, July 13, 2021 INSTRUCTOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Pham Vu Hong Son DEAN OF FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (Full name and signature)) ii THANK YOU It is my pleasure to extend my appreciation to all those who helped me to accomplish this master dissertation work. Most importantly, I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Vu Hong Son Pham, PhD for his excellent advice, encouragement, and support throughout my master degree. He provided me with unlimited potential to become researcher during the master program. His perceptive guidance, keen advice, support, and encouragement have served as the source of my inspiration.
The knowledge and skills he has given me will forever be a part of my future career and life. My classmates Putri Basenda Tarigan, Zwe Man Aung, and Denver Balasan. Thank you for enjoying student life and studying with me during the master course. Finally, I wish to warmly and deeply thank my family for their prayer, patience, and emotional support during my entire graduate career.
Their love, beliefs, and blessings made my task easy and comfortable. iii ABSTRACT In the construction industry, contractor selection plays a vital role in the project life cycle. Encouraging contractors to expend considerable effort in the bidding process is the cornerstone of a successful bid management system, especially for PPPs and design–build projects. However, the bid preparation cost is usually high, and preparing a high-quality tender submission is time intensive.
Therefore, owners should consider compensating the least successful bidders to motivate contractors to devote additional effort to bid preparation. However, this bid compensation idea is still rare in reality; moreover, conceptual blueprints and empirical demonstrations of the idea are lacking. The intention of this research was to expand the existing tender management literature by developing a contingency standpoint on how to effectively use bid compensation from the perspectives of both owners and contractors. The proposed model focused on the effects of bid compensation and developed appropriate compensation strategies for the owner and bidder alike.
Game theory was utilized for modelling the dynamics and deriving high-effort strategies from bid compensation by providing a quantitative framework as well as qualitative implications for bid compensation strategies. This experimental research displayed the effectiveness of Nash equilibrium solutions under bid compensation, quantitative formula, and qualitative implications for the formation of bid compensation strategies. The results also revealed trends in the relationship among the profit, compensation, and contractor’s expense for the efforts. Through the analysis, it will be possible to determine the effectiveness of offering bid compensation in encouraging bidders to exert additional effort during the early stage.
Additionally, associated conditions are identified, strategic implications for practitioners are deduced, and recommendations for effective bid compensation use are made. Keywords: Large-scale projects, Bid Compensation, Bidding, Game theory. iv TÓM TẮT LUẬN VĂN Trong ngành xây dựng, lựa chọn nhà thầu đóng vai trò quan trọng trong vòng đời của dự án. Khuyến khích các nhà thầu dành nhiều nỗ lực trong quá trình đấu thầu là nền tảng của một hệ thống quản lý đấu thầu thành công, đặc biệt là đối với các hình thức PPP và các dự án thiết kế - xây dựng.
Tuy nhiên, chi phí chuẩn bị đấu thầu thường cao và việc chuẩn bị một hồ sơ dự thầu chất lượng cao cần nhiều thời gian. Vì vậy, Chủ Đầu Tư nên xem xét việc bồi thường cho những nhà thầu không thắng thầu để thúc đẩy các nhà thầu dành thêm công sức cho việc chuẩn bị đấu thầu. Tuy nhiên, ý tưởng đền bù thầu này vẫn còn hiếm trong thực tế; hơn nữa, các khái niệm và các minh chứng thực nghiệm về ý tưởng còn nhiều thiếu sót. Mục đích của nghiên cứu này là mở rộng các tài liệu về quản lý đấu thầu hiện có bằng cách phát triển quan điểm ngẫu nhiên về cách sử dụng hiệu quả bồi thường thầu từ góc nhìn của Chủ Đầu Tư và Nhà Thầu.
Mô hình được đề xuất tập trung vào các tác động của đền bù thầu và phát triển các chiến lược đền bù thích hợp cho Chủ Đầu Tư cũng như người đặt giá thầu. Lý thuyết trò chơi đã được sử dụng để mô hình hóa các động lực và tạo ra các chiến lược nỗ lực cao từ việc đền bù thầu bằng cách cung cấp một khuôn khổ định lượng cũng như các hàm ý định tính cho các chiến lược đền bù giá thầu. Nghiên cứu thực nghiệm này đã chứng minh tính hiệu quả của các giải pháp cân bằng Nash theo công thức bù giá thầu, công thức định lượng và định tính đối với việc hình thành các chiến lược bù giá thầu. Kết quả cũng cho thấy các xu hướng trong mối quan hệ giữa lợi nhuận, bồi thường và chi phí của nhà thầu cho các nỗ lực.
Thông qua việc phân tích, việc đưa ra đền bù thầu có thể khuyến khích các nhà thầu nỗ lực hơn nữa trong giai đoạn đầu. Các điều kiện để sử dụng hiệu quả đền bù dự thầu được xác định và các ý nghĩa chiến lược đối với các nhà thực hành được rút ra và đề xuất cho phù hợp. Từ Khóa: Dự án quy mô lớn, Đền Bù Thầu, Đấu thầu, Lý Thuyết Trò Chơi. v AUTHOR’S COMMITMENT The undersigned below: Name : Phan Kim Anh Student ID : 1970355 Place and date of born : Can Tho, December 5, 1992 Address : Ho Chi Minh City With this declaring that the master thesis entitled “Bid Compensation Effectiveness Analysis Based on Contractor and Owner Perspective Using Game Theory Approach” is done by the author under supervision of the instructor.
All works, ideas, and material that was gain from other references have been cited in the corrected way. Ho Chi Minh city, July … , 2021 Phan Kim Anh vi CONTENTS ABSTRACT. iii LIST OF FIGURES. viii LIST OF TABLES.
ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.2 Research Scope And Objectives.1 General Overview Of Bidding Process In Large-Scale Construction Projects.2 Game theory and Its Application.3 Previous studies on bid compensation model.20 CHAPTER 3 GAME OF BID COMPENSATION FOR HOMOGENEOUS BIDDERS SCENARIO.2 Model Set-up.3 Modelling Discussion and Verification.4 Model verification: Bid Compensation and Procurement Strategies.31 vii CHAPTER 4 GAME OF BID COMPENSATION FOR HETEGENEOUS BIDDERS SCENARIO.1 Background Scenario and Modeling Assumption.2 Model setup and Discussion.3 Comparison The Effectiveness of Bid Compensation of Three-Players Game and Four-Players Game. 41 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTION.2 Future Research Direction. 60 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 - The Mac Leamy Curve Figure 1.2 - The research scope Figure 1.3 - The research objectives Figure 1.4 - The research methodology Figure 1.5 - Thesis organization and link among chapters Figure 2.1 - The bidding process cycle Figure 2.2 - The bidding criteria for project delivery method Figure 2.3 - Extension Form Game Figure 2.4 - Normal Form Game Figure 3.a/ b/ c - Numerical results of desired u* Figure 3.a/ b/ c - Numerical results of desired v* Figure 4.1 - The chance of playing high effort of bidders Figure 4.2 - The chance of playing high effort of bidders Figure 4.3 - The probability of bid compensation strategy of the owner, E/P=0.4 - The probability of bid compensation strategy of the owner, E/P=0.5 - Comparison regular bidder behavior in three-players game and four- players game Figure 4.6 - Comparison regular bidder behavior in three-players game and four- players game Figure 4.7 - Comparison strong bidder behavior in three-players game and four- players game ix LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 - Summary of typical methods used in bid compensation model Table 3.1 - The expected payoffs of the owner and the bidder Table 3.2 - Mixed Strategy Probabilities in a Four-Bidder Game. Adapted from “Bid compensation decision model for projects with costly bid preparation” by Ho Table 4.1 - The expected payoffs for Three-Players with Owner, One Strong Bidder, One Regular Bidder Table 4.2 - The summary of checking pure strategy Nash Equilibrium for Model of Three-Players with Owner, One Strong Bidder, One Regular Bidder Table 4.3 - The expected payoffs for Four-Players with Owner, Two Strong Bidders, One Regular Bidder Table 4.4 - The summary of checking pure strategy Nash Equilibrium for Model of Four-Players with Owner, Two Strong Bidders, One Regular Bidder Table 4.5 - The expected payoffs for Four-Players with Owner, Two Strong Bidders, One Regular Bidder Table 4.6 - The summary of checking pure strategy Nash Equilibrium for Model of Four-Players with Owner, One Strong Bidder, Two Regular Bidders 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ------ This chapter presents the research problem which describes the importance of bid compensation in contractor selection process, the suggestion of offering bid compensation, and the need of model for bid compensation effectiveness in construction procurement (Section 1.1); the scope and objectives of research (Section 1.2), research methodology (Section 1.3) including the management relevance (Section 1.
The organization and link among chapters (Section 1.5) is also presented in the last part of this chapter in order to give the reader an overall picture of this dissertation structure.1-Introduction: the important of bid compensation in construction bidding process In a highly competitive environment such as the construction industry, the selection of contractors has long been regarded as one of the most difficult tasks in project management. Competitive bidding has been deemed a legal requirement for projects utilizing national budget or loan capital in an effort to combat waste of public funds and prevent abuses, such as fraud, waste, and favoritism, that are the responsibility of state organizations (Rowles, D. The contractor selection element is the most significance of the procurement stage in which low-bid competition has been predominant criteria in the bidding process in worldwide over many years [1]. This has pressured on price, proliferation of construction systems and products to fulfill the minimum required specifications, it is easy to cause to construction non-performance and litigation when contractor 1 Rowles, D.
“Local government procurement laws— Who the heck is a ‘responsible bidder’?” Accessed April 22, 2020.com/local-government- procurement-laws-who-the -heck-is-a-responsible-bidder/ 2 faces with producing greater volume. Hence, the generated results from low-bid process has not meet the owner's desire. “It has produced low-quality work, adversarial working conditions, a high incidence of contractor-generated change orders, claims, litigation and increased project management costs” [2].