MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TRẢN THỊ ĐINH TRANG RHETORICAL DEVICES IN ENGLISH POEMS FOR CHILDREN Field: English Linguistics Code: 8. Nguyén Thi Thu Hién BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN TRẢN THỊ ĐINH TRANG BIỆN PHÁP TU TỪ TRONG CAC BAI THO TIENG ANH CHO TRE EM Chuyên ngành: Ngôn Ngữ Anh Mã số: 8.01 Người hướng dẫn: PGS. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby verify that this master thesis has been written by myself, and describes my own work unless otherwise acknowledged in the text. All references or sources of information have been specifically acknowledged, and are presented in the References.
Moreover, verbatim extracts also have been quoted in detail. This thesis has not been accepted in any previous application for other degree or diploma. Binh Dinh, 2019 Tran Thi Dinh Trang H ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deep thanks and appreciation to my supervisor, Assoc. Nguyen Thi Thu Hien, who has given me much great advice and encouragement during the time I managed to complete this thesis.
I am also indebted to her for spending her time to read my manuscripts and make the necessary changes. I would like to extend my gratitude to the lectures of this course for their valuable lectures, materials, and experiences which have contributed to the foundation of my thesis. I am very much thankful to my friends for encouraging me and providing me with needed materials My warmest thanks are given to my beloved family who always takes care of me and helps me overcome a lot of stress throughout the course as well as the study of this thesis. Il ABSTRACT Poems are a common form of language play in young children and provide interesting information about their metalinguistic awareness.
Therefore, this study deals with analyzing the use of rhetorical devices in English poems for children applying the theoretical framework of Galperin (1977) and Harris (2013). The basic methods involved in this study are the qualitative and quantitative method. After 50 poems were analyzed, the findings show that 13 rhetorical devices in three categories are used with different percentages. And, there is also a difference between the frequencies of occurrence of three types of rhetorical devices.
Phonetic rhetorical devices are significantly used more often than lexical and syntactical rhetorical devices. The rate of rhyme is the greatest in total in all rhetorical devices. Simile, which appreciably contributes to the total of the second ranking group — lexical rhetorical devices, is the second popular rhetorical devices after rhyme. The devices in the last group such as antithesis, rhetorical questions, stylistic inversion, and enumeration are quite complicated for children, so they are used with a tiny number.
IV TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OEF AUTHORRSHIP. 5-55 < 555 se s=ssssse I ACKNOWLEDGMENTTS. G5 (5c cọ Họ Họ TT 0 00009.00090996 TABLE OF CONTENTS. o-- 6 <5 SH ng 00000080800 CONVENTIONS.
G5 GỌI 000000908906 LIST OI TABLEVS .0 0900508980856 86 LIST OF FIGURES. Aim and Obj€CfÏV€S. Aim Oƒ the SIHdÌ. Objectives oƒ the SÍHdÌ.
Scope öof the SUdyy. Significance of the SudỈy. Design of the study CHAPTER2. Definition of the f€TINS.ẶQS HH kg 7 2.
Rhetorical devices and Functions of rhetorical devices. Classification of rhetorical €ViCeS. Phonetic rheforical deViC€S. Lexical rhetorical đ€VÏC€S.
SH HH rện 15 2. ng HH rệt 17 2. Synftactical rheforical đl€VÏC€S. StyÏIStIC IIV€TSION1.
LH ng ng nrưy 21 2. Previous relafedl SfU(|Ï€S. Methods of the sfudy. Procedures of the study.
Reliability and vaÌÏÏdÏfy .o- <5 5< sse< eessesseesse CHAPTER 4. EINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. The result of the rhetorical devices in English poems for CHÏÏŒF€N. Phonological rhetorical devices 4.
Lexical rheforiCal (€@VÏC€S. P€TSOHIÍICGIÍOHH. Ăn HH HH ngư 50 4. Syntactical rhetorical devices.scccsccssccsssscssscesssssesesees 53 VI AAD, ANtithesis.
SIVHHSEIC ÏHV€TSIOH. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICA TIONS. Limitations of the study 5. Suggestions for further research REEERENCES.
List of the data under invesfigation. Sample aInaÌÏySSÏS .-- s5 << 5s 5s sesssesseesse ix VI CONVENTIONS [P1-50]: English poems are numbered from 1 to 50.1-n]: lines are coded from | to n.L3] Crow and caper, caper and crow, = The example is extracted from the data number 10 and from the third line in this poem. Italic words are used for emphasis, examples, or the use of technical terms. Underline words mark the use of what is being demonstrated.8 Vill LIST OF TABLES Distribution of Three Main Categories of Rhetorical Devices Distribution of Alliteration Distribution of Rhyme Distribution of Simile Distribution of Hyperbole Distribution of Personification Distribution of Epithet Distribution of Repetition Page 31 34 38 41 44 47 50 58 Figure 4.3 LIST OF FIGURES Distribution of Phonological Rhetorical Devices Distribution of Lexical Rhetorical Devices Distribution of Syntactical Rhetorical Devices Page 32 41 53 CHAPTER 1.
Rationale Language is one of the indispensable material sources in poetry and in other literature creativity processes. Poetry is considered as a stable and various sources thanks to which we can see the people, country and culture. Besides, sincere emotions and profound minds of the poets are shown through verses of poems. It cannot be denied that poetry plays an important role in our life.
In addition, rhetorical devices are considered as magical tools. If a poet wants to add a musical effect, he can create rhyme, assonance or alliteration in his poems. Vivid and graphic mental images can be created by using personification, or simile. Stylistic inversion or rhetorical question can help the poet emphasize and highlight an attitude or opinion.
With various types, rhetorical devices have great expressive value. Therefore, they have attracted much attention of many writers, poets, and linguists so far. With their wonderful effectiveness, there is a range of studies analyzing rhetorical devices in different terms. To clarify, Khodabandeh (2007) made a comparison of rhetorical figures used in English and Persian advertisements.
Farrokhi and Nazemi (2015) conduct a study focusing on rhetorical devices in two newspapers - New York Times and The Australian - with different geographical locations. Taping et al (2017) analyzed rhetorical devices which Hillary Clinton used in her amazing and encouraging concession speech. Monsefi and Mahadi (2017) included a taxonomy of different types of wordplay to investigate the rhetorical features of Persian news headlines. In 2018, Thwala, Mthethwa, and Lusenga made an analysis of rhetorical devices in Siswati proverbs.
However, there are not many studies carried out rhetorical devices in children’s poems. In terms of poem analysis, there are also many analyses of poems made. Cook (2000) presented a new conception of the poetic created by Gloria Fuertes. Pinto and Roazzi (1998) conducted a cross-cultural study on phonological and semantic devices in very young children’s poems.
Moreover, based on Charles Sanders Pierce’s theory, Hermawan (2011) found out the use of symbol in three poems of Kim Addonizio. Nofal (2011) also investigated syntactic aspects of poetry in the light of pragmatic theory. All of these studies have investigated different aspects of poems in English. However, there is not a considerable in-depth study of English poems for children in terms of rhetorical devices.
For all above reasons, I would like to choose Rhetorical Devices in English Poems for Children for the thesis topic in order to obtain a more overall look on this topic and to draw out the common rhetorical devices used in children’s poems in English, with the hope that the theory can give an insight into our way of teaching and learning English as a foreign language. Aim and Objectives 1. Aim of the Study The study aims to investigate the rhetorical devices and their functions in English poems for children to help English learners know more how a poem is composed basing on phonetic, lexical and syntactical rhetorical devices. Objectives of the Study To reach the aim above, the study will focus on the objectives as follows: - To identify and classify the rhetorical devices commonly used in English poems for children.
- To analyze the frequencies of occurrence of these rhetorical devices in terms of phonetic, lexical and syntactical rhetorical devices to reveal linguistic features of this genre. Research questions To achieve the aim and objectives mentioned above, the research questions are correspondingly focused on 1. What rhetorical devices are used in English poems for children? 2. What are the frequencies of occurrence of these devices? 3.
What are the basic usage patterns of these rhetorical devices possibly employed for? 1. Scope of the Study In the present paper, the randomly selected data are fifty English poems for children from below-cited learning English websites on the Internet in recent years.org http://storyit.com https://www.com https://www.org These poems cover a wide range of topics that are close to children, such as animals, plants, daily activities, games, etc. More specifically, the study relied on the theories of rhetorical devices proposed by Galperin (1977) and Harris (2013) to discuss three types of rhetorical devices, namely phonetic rhetorical devices, lexical rhetorical devices, and syntactical rhetorical devices. Significance of the Study Regarding theoretical values, the study is expected to contribute to not only knowledge of English poems for children in terms of rhetorical devices but also a foundation for further researches related to these terms.
In addition, this study is also carried out with the hope to make a significant contribution in practice. Through the frequency of occurrence as well as the effectiveness of rhetorical devices used, the study will help English teachers withdraw the effective experience of using rhetorical devices in their teaching. It is hopeful that learners will improve their writing skills as well. Design of the study The thesis is organized into five chapters: Chapter 1 is the Introduction of the study where the rationale, aims and objectives, research questions, the scope, the significance and the structure of the study are stated.
Chapter 2 presents Literature review including theoretical backgrounds and a review of some previous studies related to this study. Chapter 3 explains the methods and procedures of the study. There, methods to carry out the paper, as well as all steps of collecting and analyzing data, are clearly explained. Chapter 4 states Findings and Discussion.
In this chapter, the findings of the study are stated and the discussion is also made based on the research results. Chapter 5 summarizes the main findings of the study, provides some implications for learning and teaching, and offers the suggestions for further studies. LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter is concerned with the definition of the terms which are directly related to the thesis and the detailed classification of rhetorical devices. Then, some previous researches which provide the scholarly setting in the study are also reviewed.
Definition of the terms 2. Poetry Poetry is a special form of literature which reflects what the poet is thinking, what he is feeling or what lessons he wants to convey. Poetry can make readers laugh or cry. It also inspires them to do this or that.
We can consider these emotions as the effect of poetry. According to Morris et al (1978), the effect is created by the choice of words which suggests not only words of emotional attitudes but also words of sensory experience. Therefore, poetry might be defined as a special kind of language that expresses more intensely than the ordinary verbal language does (Perrine & Arp, 1992). Besides, poetry can give readers something to visualize.
The readers do not just get information. They are able to imaginatively enter the poet’s feeling or to share his sense. 176-177) states “poetry is the most emotionally charged means of written expression and it consists of words arranged in patterns of sound and imagery to spark an emotional, and_ intellectual, response from us. Poetry is the language of the imagination, of feelings, of emotional self-expression, of high art.” In the article of Mulyono et al (2018, p.
230), the elements of children poetry are mentioned. Children poetry includes sounds, words, means of rhetoric, and themes. Poetry contains the element of sound.