CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR “NPBEYOND Laurie Blass Susan lannuzzi Alice Savage with Randi Reppen GRAMMAR ““PBEYOND Laurie Blass Susan lannuzzi Alice Savage Deborah Gordon with Randi Reppen CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi — 110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06-04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.org Information on this title: www.org/9780521 142984 © Cambridge University Press 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press, First published 2012 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10987 Printed in Mexico by Editorial Impresora Apolo, S. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-14298-4 Student’s Book 3 21-14315-8 Student’s Book 3A 521-14319-6 Student’s Book 3B ISBN 978-1-107-60197-0 Workbook 3 ISBN 978-1-107-60198-7 Workbook 34.
ISBN 978-1-107-60199-4 Workbook 3B ISBN 978-1-107-68502-4 Teacher Support Resource Book with CD-ROM 3 ISBN 978-0-521-14339-4 Class Audio CD 3 ISBN 978.06187-2 Writing Skills Interactive 3 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistenc of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publi and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Art direction, book design, layout services, and photo research: Integra Audio production: John Marshall Media Contents Introduction to Grammar and Beyond About the Authors Acknowledgments xiv Tour of a Unit xvi PART 1 The Present and Past UNIT† Simple Present and Present Progressive First Impressions 2 Simple Present vs. Present Progressive 3 Stative Verbs 8 Special Meanings and Uses of Simple Present rà Grammar for Writing: Using Simple Present and Present Progressive to Write About Present Time Situations uNiT 2 Simple Past and Past Progressive; Used To, Would Global Marketing 16 Simple Past vs.
Past Progressive 17 Time Clauses with Simple Past and Past Progressive 20 Used To and Would 24 Grammar for Writing: Using Past and Present Forms to Write About Changes 28 PART 2 The Perfect UNIT3 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive Success 30 Present Perfect 32 Present Perfect vs. Simple Past 36 Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Progressive 39 Grammar for Writing: Using Present Perfect, Present Perfect Progressive, and Simple Past to Describe a Series of Events 43 unit4 Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive Nature vs. Nurture 46 Past Perfect 47 Past Perfect with Time Clauses 52 Past Perfect Progressive 56 Grammar for Writing: Using Past Perfect to Provide Background Information and Reasons 60 PART 3 The Future uNIT5 Be Going To, Present Progressive, and Future Progressive Looking Ahead at Technology 62 Be Going To, Present Progressive, and Simple Present for Future 63 Will and Be Going To 67 Future Progressive 70 Grammar for Writing: Using Will + Base Form and Future Progressive to Write About Future Plans 74 unit6 Future Time Clauses, Future Perfect, and Future Perfect Progressive Business Practices of the Future 76 Future Time Clauses 78 Future Perfect vs.
Future Perfect Progressive 83 Grammar for Writing: Using Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive to Write About Completed and Ongoing Events in the Future 88 PART 4 Modals and Modal-like Expressions UNIT7 Social Modals Learning How to Remember 90 Modals and Modal-like Expressions of Advice and Regret 92 Modals and Modal-like Expressions of Permission, Necessity, and Obligation 96 Modals and Modal-like Expressions of Ability 100 Grammar for Writing: Using Modals to Write About Problems and Solutions 104 unit 8 Modals of Probability: Present, Future, and Past Computers and Crime 106 Modals of Present Probability 107 Modals of Future Probability 110 Modals of Past Probability 113 Grammar for Writing: Using Modals to Hedge 118 PART 5 Nouns and Pronouns unit9 Nouns and Modifying Nouns Attitudes Toward Nutrition 120 Nouns 121 Noncount Nouns as Count Nouns 126 Modifying Nouns 130 Grammar for Writing: Using Precise Nouns and Adjectives to Make Your Writing Clearer 134 unit 10 Articles and Quantifiers Color 136 Indefinite Article, Definite Article, and No Article 137 Quantifiers 141 Grammar for Writing: Using Quantifiers and Pronouns to Hedge 148 UNIT 11 Pronouns Unusual Work Environments 150 Reflexive Pronouns 151 Pronouns with Other/Another 155 Indefinite Pronouns 158 Grammar for Writing: Using Pronouns for Emphasis and to Avoid Repetition 162 PART 6 Gerunds and Infinitives unit 12 Gerunds Getting an Education 164 Gerunds as Subjects and Objects 165 Gerunds After Prepositions and Fixed Expressions 169 Gerunds After Nouns + of 173 Grammar for Writing: Using Noun + of + Gerund Constructions 176 UNIT 13 Infinitives Innovative Marketing Techniques 178 Infinitives with Verbs 179 Infinitives vs. Gerunds 183 Infinitives After Adjectives and Nouns 185 Grammar for Writing: Using Verb + Infinitive and Adjective + Infinitive Constructions 189 PART 7 Questions and Noun Clauses unit 14 Negative Questions and Tag Questions Geographic Mobility 190 Negative Questions 192 Tag Questions 194 Grammar for Writing: Using Negative Questions and Tag Questions in Blogs 200 unit 15 That Clauses Cultural Values 202 That Clauses 204 Agreement Between That Clauses and Main Clauses 207 That Clauses After Adjectives and Nouns 210 Grammar for Writing: Using That Clauses to State Reasons, Conclusions, Research Results, Opinions, and Feelings 214 unit 16 Noun Clauses with Wh- Words and If/ Whether Inventions They Said Would Never Work 216 Noun Clauses with Wh- Words 217 Noun Clauses with /f/Whether 220 Noun Clauses in Direct and Indirect Questions 223 Grammar for Writing: Using Noun Clauses with Wh- Words and If/Whether 226 PART 8 Indirect Speech unit 17 Direct Speech and Indirect Speech Human Motivation 228 Direct Speech 230 Indirect Speech 233 Indirect Speech Without Tense Shift 236 Other Reporting Verbs 238 Grammar for Writing: Using Descriptive Reporting Verbs 242 UNIT 18 Indirect Questions; Indirect Imperatives, Requests, and Advice Creative Problem Solving 244 Indirect Questions 245 Indirect Imperatives, Requests, and Advice 248 Grammar for Writing: Using Indirect Questions, Imperatives, Requests, and Advice 252 PART 9 The Passive UNIT 19 The Passive (1) English as a Global Language 254 Active vs. Passive Sentences 256 Verbs and Objects with the Passive 260 Reasons for Using the Passive 263 Grammar for Writing: Using the Passive to Write About the Object of an Action 266 unit 20 The Passive (2) Food Safety 268 The Passive with Be Going To and Modals 269 Get Passives 273 Passive Gerunds and Infinitives 276 Grammar for Writing: Using the Passive with Modals, Gerunds, and Infinitives 280 PART 10 Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses) UNIT 21 Subject Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns) Alternative Energy Sources 282 Identifying Subject Relative Clauses 283 Nonidentifying Subject Relative Clauses 287 Subject Relative Clauses with Whose 290 Grammar for Writing: Using Subject Relative Clauses to Avoid Repetition 294 UNIT 22 Object Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns) Biometrics 296 Identifying Object Relative Clauses 297 Nonidentifying Object Relative Clauses 300 Object Relative Clauses as Objects of Prepositions 302 Grammar for Writing: Using Object Relative Clauses to Provide Background Information 306 UNIT 23 Relative Clauses with Where and When; Reduced Relative Clauses Millennials 308 Relative Clauses with Where and When 310 Reduced Relative Clauses 314 Grammar for Writing: Using Reduced Subject Relative Clauses to Make Ideas Clearer 320 PART 11 Conditionals unit 24 Real Conditionals: Present and Future Media in the United States 322 Present Real Conditionals 323 Future Real Conditionals 327 Real Conditionals with Modals, Modal-like Expressions, and Imperatives 330 Grammar for Writing: Using a Single If Clause with Multiple Main Clauses 334 uNIT 25 Unreal Conditionals: Present, Future, and Past Natural Disasters 336 Present and Future Unreal Conditionals 337 Past Unreal Conditionals 341 Wishes About the Present, Future, and Past 345 Grammar for Writing: Using If Clauses to Support Ideas 348 PART 12 Connecting Ideas UNIT 26 Conjunctions Globalization of Food 350 Connecting Words and Phrases with Conjunctions 352 Connecting Sentences with Coordinating Conjunctions 356 Reducing Sentences with Similar Clauses 360 Grammar for Writing: Using Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions to Join Words and Clauses 364 UNIT 27 Adverb Clauses and Phrases Consumerism 366 Subordinators and Adverb Clauses 368 Reducing Adverb Clauses 371 Subordinators to Express Purpose 373 Grammar for Writing: Using Adverb Clauses to Give More Information About Main Clauses 376 UNIT 28 Connecting Information with Prepositions and Transitions Technology in Entertainment 378 Connecting Information with Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 379 Connecting Information with Transition Words 382 Grammar for Writing: Using Prepositions and Transition Words to Support an Argument 388 Appendices 1 Irregular Verbs AL 2 Stative (Non-Action) Verbs A2 3 Modals and Modal-like Expressions A3 4 Noncount Nouns and Measurement Words to Make Noncount Nouns Countable A5 5 Order of Adjectives Before Nouns AG 6 Verbs That Can Be Used Reflexively A6 7 Verbs Followed by Gerunds Only A7 8 Verbs Followed by Infinitives Only A7 9 Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infi A7 10 Expressions with Gerunds A8 11 Verbs + Objects + Infinitives A8 12 Be + Adjectives + Infinitives A9 13 Verbs + Prepositions A9 14 Adjectives + Prepositions A10 15 Verbs and Fixed Expressions that Introduce Indirect Questions A10 16 Tense Shifting in Indirect Speech A11 17 Reporting Verbs A11 18 Passive Forms A12 19 Relative Clauses A13 20 Conditionals A15 21 Academic Word List (AWL) Words and Definitions A16 22 Pronunciation Table International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) A24 Glossary of Grammar Terms Index Art Credits viii Introduction to Grammar and Beyond Grammar and Beyond is a research-based and content-rich grammar series for beginning: to advanced-level students of North American English. The series focuses on the grammar structures most commonly used in North American English, with an emphasis on the application of these grammar structures to academic writing, The series practices all four skills in a variety of authentic and communicative contexts.
It is designed for use both in the classroom and as a self-study learning tool. Grammar and Beyond Is Research-Based ‘The grammar presented in this series is informed by years of research on the grammar of written and spoken North American English as it is used in college lectures, textbooks, academic essays, high school classrooms, and conversations between instructors and students. This research, and the analysis of over one billion words of authentic written and spoken language data known as the Cambridge International Corpus, has enabled the authors to: + Present grammar rules that accurately represent how North American English is actually spoken and written + Identify and teach differences between the grammar of written and spoken English + Focus more attention on the structures that are commonly used, and less attention on those that are rarely used, in written and spoken North American English + Help students avoid the most common mistakes that Engli sh language learners make + Choose reading and writing topics that will naturally elicit examples of the target grammar structure + Introduce important vocabulary from the Academic Word List Grammar and Beyond Teaches Academic Writing Skills Grammar and Beyond helps students make the transition from understanding grammar structures to applying them in their academic writing. In the Student’s Books At Levels 1 through 3 of the series, every Student's Book unit ends with a section devoted to the hands-on application of grammar to writing.
This section, called Grammar for Writing, explores how and where the target grammar structures function in writing and offers controlled practice, exposure to writing models, and a guided but open-ended writing task. At Level 4, the most advanced level, the syllabus is organized around the academic essay types that college students write (e.