VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI MINH PHUONG ALLIANCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOR HIGHER TRUST, COMMITMENT, AND INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIP PERFORMANCE- A STUDY OF TRAVEL COMPANIES IN VIETNAM. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ID: 9340101 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI MINH PHUONG ALLIANCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR HIGHER TRUST, COMMITMENT, AND INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIP PERFORMANCE- A STUDY OF TRAVEL COMPANIES IN VIETNAM. MAJOR: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ID: 9340101 SUPERVISOR: Assoc. NGUYEN NGOC DUY PHUONG.
HO CHI MINH CITY, JUNE 2024 ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this dissertation is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously written or published by another party, nor material which to a considerable extent has been submitted for the achievement of any other degree of a university or other institution of higher learning. Ho Chi Minh City June 2024 Nguyen Thi Minh Phuong Approved by: Supervisor. Nguyen Ngoc Duy Phuong. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To become a Ph.
student and study a Ph. course at the School of Business, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam is magnificent and has many challenging experiences for me. During this time, many instructors have directly and indirectly supported me to reach and complete my studies. I’d like to express my bottomless gratitude to my husband, who supported and introduced me to the research world, he is also my best friend and my respected Assoc.
I’d like to thank my supervisor Assoc. Nguyen Ngoc Duy Phuong joined me during study PhD course, I was immature and lacked experience at the beginning of my research, and I made many mistakes while conducting my research and publishing my papers. He is willing to help me, listen to me, and help me patiently to edit my papers and send them to famous journals. He is a real friend and a real teacher to me.
Here, I wish to express thanks to my lecturers at International University. Ho Nhut Quang introduced and taught me how to write a research proposal and writing dissertation, he imparted research knowledge to me and instilled the moral values of doing research in me. Second, I wish to express thanks to Assoc. Ha Minh Tri, has filled me with a strong sense of duty while participating in his course “Advanced Qualitative Research Methods”, he is a wonderful lecturer, and without him, I wouldn’t know how to do the qualitative method.
Following, I'd like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Cao Minh Man, he always encouraged me to study research during a course with him “Advanced Quantitative Analysis in Business”, he made careful recommendations to me (his students) “Please don’t give up, just keep going and doing your research, if you stop to relax or don't do research a period when you come back it will spent a lot of time to explore it again, or maybe late deadline, or you will give up”. Man’s suggestion, so I did my research every day based on my strategy plan to reach my goal, that is why I successfully achieved to complete my PhD dissertation within three years at International University. The deepest thanks to the International University gave me the scholarship to study a doctoral of business administration, without this scholarship, I wouldn’t have had enough financial to continue to reach my dream, based on this scholarship my dream come true.
I wish to send my deepest thanks to Prof. Zafar for teaching me how to do research design, and how to successfully achieve papers and publish it on famous journal in the world. I remember these words from him “Read, read, read, read” This statement led me to focus on reading all papers and information related to my research field, from his suggestions stimulated me every day must make a greater effort to reach the knowledge by reading. I followed his suggestions and never forgot this method.
I wish also would take this opportunity to thank Dr. Bui Quang Thong taught me a strategic management course supported me and teach me many meaningful lessons, without his lessons. I didn’t know how to arrange time and strategy to reach my PhD goals. I’d like to thank Assoc.
Nguyen Nhu Ty and the staff at International University helped me and guided me to complete all the documents to complete the PhD course. Lastly, I’d like to express my bottomless appreciation to my sons, and my family. I could not have achieved it without the love of my son, my mother, my sisters, and my brothers who raised me up, supported, encouraged, and shared everything with me during this time. I wish to thank my friends who shared their skills and experiences and spent time with me, without their support, I could not reach my PhD goal.
I wish to thank everyone who voluntarily participated in my research, spent their time discussing all problems and shared their perspective about my research field to serve in in-depth interviews, and people who answered our survey, people introduced other participants to join this study and who found people who wanted to support me and help me to complete collect data, and assisted me in everything in other ways, thank you very much. I am truly lucky to have met this person during my study PhD such is truly excellent and kind to support me. PUBLICATIONS Journal Publications Phuong, N. Alliance management practices for higher trust, commitment and inter-organizational relationship performance: Evidence from travel companies —in Vietnam.
(SSCI — SCOPUS Q2; Impact factor: 3. Does Trust Affect Antecedents of Inter-Organizational Governance Mechanisms and Elicit Successful Collaboration via Innovation? An Empirical Study from a Market-Oriented Economy in Vietnam. Sustainability, 15(12), 9547 (SSCI - SCOPUS Q2; Impact factor: 3. The factors affecting ¡inter-organizational relationship success in Vietnam tourism sector.
Management Science Letters, 11(6), 1901-1912. Exploring the inter- organizational relationship performance: Evidence fom social-oriented market. Cogent Social Sciences. The effect of Inter- organizational relationship management on relationship success — A study of travel firms.
Cogent Business and Management. A critical review of irs and its application in tourism industry. Jn proceedings of 2019 Ist International Conference on Economics, Business and Tourism (ICEBT-2019) - International Univeristy - Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh. VNU-HCM PRESS.
JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES. LIST OF TABLES. LIST OF APPENDICES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Background of the Tourism Industry 1.
Rationales for the Research of Inter-organizational Relations! 1. The Structure of the Dissertation. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.2 Transaction Cost Theory (TCT) 2.2 Resource Dependence Theory (RDT). Inter-organizational Relationship Performance (IORP) 2.
Componentsof Alliance Management Practices (AMP) 2. Frequency of Interaction. The Relationship between factors of AMP and Commitment. The Relationship between factors of AMP and Trust.
The Relationship between factors of AMP and IORP 2.4, The Relationship between Inter-organizational Trust and Commitment 2. The Relationship between Factos of AMP and IORP through Trust and Commitmeni 2. - 106 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY - 108 3. Philosophy and paradigmof scientific research 108 3.
Mixed Methods Research Design. Qualitative Research Design 3. Interview Protocol Development. Select Target Population liệt 121 3.
Sampling Design of Qualitative Phase. Sample Size of Qualitative Phase. In-depth interviews 124 3. Analyze the qualitative dafa.
Quantitative Research Design. Unit of analysis and target population in this research 3.4, Sample size determination of quantitative phase 134 3. Measurement of Constructs. Main Data collection in a quantitative phas 3.
Data analysis in a quantitative phase. - 150 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH FINDINGS. Qualitative research results 152 4. Profile of Interviewees 4.
Analysis the perspectives of IORP in interviews. The perspectives of Inter-organizational trust and IORP. The perspectives of Inter-organizational commitment and IORP. The perspectives of coordination and IORP.
The perspectives of communication and IORP. The perspectives ofparticipation and IORP. The perspectives offrequency of interactions and IORP. The perspectives offlexibility and IORP.
Analysis the relationship between factors of AMP and IORP. Quantitative research results 177 4. Preliminary screening stage. Demographics of the participants.
Measurement models analysis 4. Reflective measurement models. Internal consistency reliability. Structural model analysis 4.
Testing predictive power and predictive relevance of structural model. CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS. Effects of factors of AMP on inter-organizational commitment (H1) 5. Effects of factors of AMP on inter-organizational trust (H2).
Effects factors of AMP on inter-organizational organizational performance (H3) 217 5. Effects of trust on inter-organizational commitment (H4). The mediating role of trust and commitment (H5). Limitations and further research REFERENCES.
iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Searching the hierarchy of transaction costs involved between the travel companies & their business partners .1: The process of triangulation that represents a mixed method .2: The exploratory sequential design .3: Research process (Creswell, J.4: A process of the qualitative data collection.1: Summary of Insights from Interviews of the Senior Managers ofTravel COHHDAHHOS.2: Travel companies and their providers engage in IRs. Travel companies and their business partners in alliance relationships to joint D505.4: Research constructs and their indicator variables.5: The results of the PLS-SEM .cc c1 SS* ke ky 205 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Total tourism receipts (2000 — 2019).1: Summary of Literature R€ViW .- -- 5c St tk 69 Table 2. Summary of Previous studies .1: Operationalization of research variables.2: Rules of Thumb for Model Evaluation .1: Profile of interviewees in a qualitative phase .2: Themes of Alliance relationships between Travel Companies and Their 10052151 5.3: Demographics of the participants (N = 319) .4: Descriptive statistics of endogenous variables (N= 319) .5: Descriptive statistics of exogenous variables (N= 319).6: Factor analysis for endogenous variables.7: Factor analysis for exogenous variables.8: reliability and validity.---⁄c S122 Si sxy 189 Table 4.9: Discriminant validity of Fornell and Larcker criteria results.10: Discriminant validity of Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio results.11: Variance Inflation Factor (VIF).13: Structural model fït.‹----------- cece esse 111 **+2£tvsx+ss+errree 195 Table 4.14: Path Coefficients & Hypothesis Testing- Direct effect on Commitment, "19190 5.15: Indirect effect on Commitment, IORP. LIST OF APPENDIXES Appendix 1: Previous studies.
Appendix 2: Interview protocol Appendix 3: Interview guide- Interview qu€SfÏOTS.- ¿555 5+25+c>xerxerxerrrrrrree 278 Appendix 4: Sources of measurement Scales .cessescesseessesseseseeseesessesessesteseesessesenesees 281 Appendix 5: IRs questionnaire in Vietnamese.cecceeesessessesseseeessesneseseeseesessesnesesees 288 Appendix :6 IRs questionnaire in English. cece esseseseseeseseseeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeesesteneeeeneee 291 Appendix 7: Pilot testing evaluation form. 202 Appendix 8: Pilot test form. Appendix 10: Results of blindfolding technique .-- ¿- c5 55+ s++ecexeerxerxer+ 301 Appendix 11: Final Results of PLS-SEM.
SLD Appendix 12: Model of EFA and reliability. -- -- - 6 + + ềS+£E£kEkerkeEkerkerrkerkrek 313 Appendix 13: Model of blindfolding result .-- -- + 6 +5 +èS‡£‡EvEkerkeEketkerkrkerkrek 314 Appendix 14: Model of Boostrap 2000) .-----ccc S2 nu308 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMP Alliance management practice IORP Inter-organizational relationship performance IRs Inter-organizational relationships RDT Resource dependence theory TCT Transaction cost theory SMEs Small medium entrepreneurs PLS-SEM Partial least squares structural equation modelling SEM Structural equation modelling HTMT Heterotrait-monotrait EFA Exploratory factor analysis AVE Average variance extracted VIF Variance inflation factor CR Construct reliability WTO World tourism organization PATA Pacific Asia Tourism Association JATA Japan association of travel agents ASTA American society oftravel advisors GDP Gross domestic product UNESCO United Nations educational, scientific, and cultural organization USD Us dollar VND Viet Nam Dong CFA Confirmatory factor analysis US United States B2B Business to business TRUST Trust COMIT Commitment COMU Communication CORD Coordination FREINTER Frequency of interaction PART Participation FLEX Flexibility HCM Ho Chi Minh vii ABSTRACT The inter-organizational relationships (IRs) theory existed a long time ago and is very famous in many fields such as societies, economics, policies and administration science (Weber, 1947), in health and welfare agencies (Phillips, 1960; Hage & Aiken,1971) in Midwest, in the marketing field (Palmatier et al., 2007), in accounting field (Dekker, 2004), in Spain tourism clusters (Elche et al., 2018), in hospitality field (Medina- Munoz & García-Falcón, 2000). The IRs are well-known to answer the question of why organizations participate in exchange relationships and what factors of IRs affect successful relationships.