VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES. TRẦN THỊ CÚC CODE-MIXING OF ENGLISH IN HOA HOC TRO MAGAZINE IN VIETNAM: PATTERNS AND READERS’ ATTITUDES (HIỆN TƯỢNG PHA TRỘN NGÔN NGỮ ANH TRONG BÁO HOA HỌC TRÒ Ở VIỆT NAM: HÌNH THỨC PHA TRỘN VÀ THÁI ĐỘ CỦA ĐỘC GIẢ) M. COMBINED PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Hanoi, 2012 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES. TRẦN THỊ CÚC CODE-MIXING OF ENGLISH IN HOA HOC TRO MAGAZINE IN VIETNAM: PATTERNS AND READERS’ ATTITUDES (HIỆN TƯỢNG PHA TRỘN NGÔN NGỮ ANH TRONG BÁO HOA HỌC TRÒ Ở VIỆT NAM: HÌNH THỨC PHA TRỘN VÀ THÁI ĐỘ CỦA ĐỘC GIẢ) M.
COMBINED PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Đỗ Thị Thanh Hà, Ph.D Hanoi, 2012 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Lists of tables Tables Page Table 1: Distinction between code-mixing and borrowing 5 Table 2: Parts of speech in Vietnamese 18 Table 3: Patterns of code-mixing 26 Table 4: Breakdown of switching by word classes 27 Table 5: Most frequent code-mixing phenomena 29 Table 6: Respondents’ views on the code-mixing used in the four extracts 41 Table 7: Details of understanding and feeling good about 4 extracts 42 Table 8: Readers’ attitude to code mixing in HHT Magazine 45 Table 9: Attitudes towards code-mixing of secondary and high school 57 students iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com List of figures Figures Page Figure 1: Question 3: You often understand articles in Hoa Hoc Tro 47 Magazine with code mixing. Figure 2: Question 4: You often feel comfortable when you read Hoa Hoc 47 Tro Magazine with code mixing Figure 3: Question 5: In general, you prefer code-mixing in Hoa Hoc Tro 48 Magazine. Figure 4: Question 6: Articles with code mixing often draw your attention 48 Figure 5: Question 7: You find it difficult to read the articles with English 49 code-mixing in Hoa Hoc Tro Magazine. Figure 6: Q8: Code – mixing of English in Hoa Hoc Tro Magazine destroys 50 Vietnamese impurity.
Figure 7: Readers‟ understanding in different places 53 Figure 8: Readers‟ feeling content in different places 53 Figure 9: Preference of readers in different places 53 Figure 10: Attention level paid on code mixing in different regions 53 Figure 11: Difficulty had in different places 54 Figure 12: Agreement if code-mixing destroys Vietnamese impurity 54 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Table of contents Candidate’s statement…………………………………………………………………………….iii List of tables…………………………………………………………………………………….iv List of figures……………………………………………………………………………………….v Table of contents………………………………………………………………………………….vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION. Scopes and aims. 2 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW. Code mixing and code switching.
Code-mixing and borrowing. Linguistics constraints on code- mixing. Particular grammatical constraints. Universal constraints on code- mixing.
Extra-linguistic factors related to code-mixing. Patterns of code mixing .14 C - GENERAL REMARKS ON SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF VIETNAMESE .16 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY. Hoa Hoc Tro Magazine. Language of magazines.
22 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. 24 CHAPTER IV: PATTERNS OF CODE-MIXING FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Findings of the quantification of mixed word class. Distribution of mixed words in the corpus.
Overview description and discussion of mixed word classes. Vocabulary combined between English and Vietnamese. 38 CHAPTER V: READERS’ ATTITUDES TO CODE-MIXING FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Part 1 of the questionnaires: Findings and Discussions.
Part 2 of the Questionnaires: Findings and Discussions. Part 3 of the questionnaire: Findings and Discussion. Part 4 of the questionnaires: Findings and Discussion. 52 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION.
Suggestions for further study .62 APPENDIX vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Under the influence of globalization, English has become worldwide popular and used as a second language in many countries. Thus, many of these territories have become multilingual with the frequent use of English in their daily life. Also, it is no longer a rare phenomenon to find many English words used as substitutes appearing in the newspapers or magazines of other languages, which has aroused interest of various linguistic and sociological researchers.
Sharing the same desire, we also wished to get the holistic view on the process of producing such a mixture of English language into the researcher‟s mother tongue, Vietnamese, as well as the reaction of Vietnamese, especially Vietnamese youth, towards the cases. The reason for me to choose Vietnamese young people as the subject of study is that they are assumed to have the highest frequency of mixing languages in their daily environment. Obviously, as English have been nationwide taught in all Vietnamese schools for the past ten years, they could be exposed to English at the early age. As a result, English turns out to be familiar with them.
Additionally, under the boom of entertainment industry and Western influence, English, more or less, become preferable in media. It was also proved by Leung (2010) that young people preferred code mixing in advertising. Since 1970s, quite a number of researches have been done on code-mixing both in spoken and written languages in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and France. In 2003, Ho-Dac Tuc also had a close view on spoken code-switching of English into Vietnamese community in Australia.
Though valuable results have been found, they still leave the gaps for code-mixing in written language, i.e magazines and newspapers for Vietnamese youth. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com For all of the reasons listed above, this research was carried out to focus on illustrating the patterns of and readers‟ attitudes towards code-mixing of English in Hoe Hoc Tro Magazine, a magazine for Vietnamese youngsters, using eclectic across qualitative and quantitative methods. The research, once finished, is expected to shed some light on code-mixing patterns used in Youth‟s newspapers in general, raise sociolinguistics related issues and lay foundation for further studies. Scopes and aims Although there are various dimensions of code-mixing and magazine languages to be studied, this combination of qualitative and quantitative study only examines the phenomenon of code-mixing in Hoa Hoc Tro Magazine in terms of its patterns and readers‟ views on it.
This work also focuses on the written articles, though code- mixing is more popular in spoken form. Research questions In order to reach the aim of exploring the forms of as well as readers‟ attitudes to the mixture of code in Hoa Hoc Tro Magazine, the research answered two questions as follows: 1) What are the patterns of code-mixing used in Hoa Hoc Tro Magazine? 2) What are readers’ attitudes towards code-mixing phenomenon in Hoa Hoc Tro Magazine? 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW A-THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2. Code The term “code” is wi dely seen in various fields with different meanings. “Code” may mean a system of computer programming instructions in computing, or considered as a set of moral principles or rules in laws or even systems of symbols in telephoning.
As this is a sociolinguistic study, the function of “code” as “a system of words, letters, numbers or symbols that represent a message or record information secretly or in a shorter form” (Oxford Advanced Learners, 8th ed, OUP) is implemented. To be specific, in this study, “Code” is defined as “a verbal component that can be as small as a morpheme or as comprehensive and complex as the entire system of language. Code mixing and code switching The terms code alternation, code mixing and code switching have grounded heated debates in distinguishing. Different definitions of code mixing, code switching as well as the differentiation between the thereof have been proposed.
The first point of view was raised by Clyne (1991) who argued that there is no difference between code mixing and code switching in which “the speaker stops using language „A‟ and employs language „B‟ ” (p. 161) However, Bentahila and Davies (1983) held the second view point that code- mixing is the random alternation of two languages within a sentence. Wei (1998) also shared the same idea that if code alternation occurs at or above clause level, it is considered code switching, but if it occurs below clause level then it is considered code mixing. According to Bhatia and Ritchie (2004), code-mixing as “the mixing of various linguistic units (morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical systems within a sentence” 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com However, in her “Sometimes I‟ll start a sentence in English …”, Poplack (1980) defined code switching as “the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent” and divided code switching into three types including tag switching, inter-sentential and intra- sentential ones.
The first type, tag-switching, related to the inclusion of a tag (e.g: you know, OK, right, etc), can be illustrated in the following example of Portuguese- English bilingual: “I look like Lilica, you know, nunca paro!” [ I look like Lilica, you know, I never stop!] The second type, inter-sentential switching occurs in clausal level or between sentences. A case in point is the title of the of Poplack (1980)‟s study: “Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English y termino en español” [Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English and finish in Spanish]. The third type is intra-sentential code switching. Below is an example of a Portuguese – English bilingual‟s speech: “Yeah, I don’t know o meu lugar nesse mundo…so, something that is weird, like a, like a, I guess it’s…” [… I don’t know my place in this world…] (Jalil.
Therefore, both Poplack (1980) and Holmes (1992) proposed another view point which refers the third type, intra-sentential code switching, as code-mixing. In other words, code-mixing is a sub-type of code switching. This is also agreed by Liu, P. (2008) who states that: “Very often the expression code-mixing is used synonymously with code switching and means basically intra-sentential code switching”(p.
It is shown that the phenomenon defined differently as a result of different research interest as well as how researchers view the phenomenon. In this study, we adopt the third view point. In brief, code switching refers to both inter-sentential and intra-sentential code-alternation occurring when a bilingual speaker uses more than one language in a single utterance above the clause level to appropriately convey his/her intents, thus code switching relates to participants and discourse. Mean while code mixing refers to mixing the various language units below clause level within a sentence, which results no discourse meaning occurring sentence internally.
4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Code-mixing and borrowing As code-mixing is defined as a subtype of code-switching in this study, the distinction from code mixing and borrowing will be taken as the difference between code- switching and thereof. There has been a variety of studies trying to make a distinction between code- mixing (as a subtype of code-switching) and borrowing. Some scholars take them as related processes (Bentahila and Davies, 1991) and should not be considered as distinct entities while many others consider them as distinct processes (Poplack 1980; Muysken 1987).
Poplack and Sankoff (1984) (see Tuc (2003:9)) discussed the relationship between code-mixing and borrowing as follows: Code mixing Borrowing Frequent use - + Synonym displacement - + Integration: Phonological +/- +/+ morphological - - Syntactic - + Acceptability by native speakers - + Table 1: Distinction between code-mixing and borrowing It is obvious seen from the table that borrowing is used more frequently with the integration of phonology and syntax, and accepted by native speakers. Unlike code 5 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com mixing, they are pronounced and used grammatically as part of the speaker‟s first language. For example, cultural specific names such as “CD, video, radio” are borrowed into Vietnamese with phonological adaptation.