Nghiên cứu giao thoa văn hóa về cách tặng quà và phản hồi giữa người Mỹ và người Việt

Luận văn thạc sĩ VNU ULIS nghiên cứu sự khác biệt văn hóa trong cách tặng quà và phản ứng khi nhận quà giữa người Mỹ và người Việt.

2010

67
0
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

Certificate of originality of project report

Acknowledgements

Abstract

Abbreviations

Part A. Aim of the study

Part A.I. Scope of the study

Part A.II. Design of the study

Part B. Language and communication

Part B.I. Language and culture. Types of speech acts

Part B.I.1. Bald on – record

Part B.I.2. Offering as a speech act

Part B.I.3. Coding of the data and mode of data analysis

Chapter III. Strategies in gift offering

III.1. Communicative strategies used in gift offering. Similarities and differences of gift offering between American and Vietnamese

III.2. Major similarities and differences

III.3. Concluding remarks

Chapter IV. Strategies in responding to gift offers

IV.1. Agreeing to receive a gift

IV.2. Communicative strategies in receiving a gift

IV.3. Similarities and differences of gift receiving between American and Vietnamese

IV.4. Data analysis

IV.5. Major similarities and differences. Concluding remarks

IV.6. Communicative strategies used in refusing a gift. Similarities and differences of gift refusing between American and Vietnamese

IV.7. Data analysis

IV.8. Major similarities and differences

IV.9. Concluding remarks

Part C. Summary of the findings

Part C.I. Refusing a gift

Part C.II. Implications for cross-cultural communicators. Implication for ELT. Limitations and suggestions for further research.

References

Appendix A: Survey questionnaires

Appendix B: Data analysis

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES ********** ƯNG THỊ THU QUYÊN A CROSS – CULTURAL STUDY ON AMERICAN – VIETNAMESE VERBAL EXPRESSIONS IN OFFERING A GIFT AND RESPONDING TO A GIFT OFFER NGHIÊN CỨU GIAO THOA VĂN HÓA VIỆT – MỸ VỀ CÁCH SỬ DỤNG NGÔN TỪ ĐỂ TẶNG QUÀ VÀ NHẬN QUÀ SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH Field : ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code : 602215 Supervisor : Dr. Hoang Thi Xuan Hoa Hµ Néi - 2010 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com v TABLE OF CONTENTS  Certificate of originality of project report  Acknowledgements  Abstract  Abbreviations Part A. Aim of the study 1 III. Scope of the study 2 IV. Design of the study 2 Part B. Language and communication 3 I. Language and culture. Types of speech acts 5 I. Bald on – record 6 I. Offering as a speech act 7 I. Coding of the data and mode of data analysis 12 Chapter III. Strategies in gift offering 15 III. Communicative strategies used in gift offering. Similarities and differences of gift offering between American and Vietnamese 21 III. Major similarities and differences 21 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com vi III. Concluding remarks 22 Chapter IV. Strategies in responding to gift offers 24 IV. Agreeing to receive a gift 24 IV. Communicative strategies in receiving a gift 24 IV. Similarities and differences of gift receiving between American and Vietnamese 28 IV. Data analysis 28 IV. Major similarities and differences. Concluding remarks 29 IV. Communicative strategies used in refusing a gift. Similarities and differences of gift refusing between American and Vietnamese 33 IV. Data analysis 33 IV. Major similarities and differences 33 IV. Concluding remarks 34 Part C. Summary of the findings 35 I. Refusing a gift 39 II. Implications for cross-cultural communicators. Implication for ELT. Limitations and suggestions for further research. 42 References 43 Appendix A: Survey questionnaires Appendix B: Data analysis LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com iv ABBREVIATIONS S : Speaker H : Hearer G : Giver R : Receiver FTA : Face Threatening Act FT : Face Threat ELT : English Language Teaching DCT : Discourse Completion Task/Test LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Rationale Language is very important for international communication nowadays. People from different cultures when using a second language as a main means of communication, more or less, experience misunderstandings. Why does communication breakdown may occur in cross-cultural communication? Why are many utterances grammatically correct but communicatively and culturally meaningless? This is mainly because participants lack knowledge of each other’s culture. For example, the following is a story I heard from my friend. The students gave their American volunteer-teacher a carefully wrapped gift on the Vietnamese Teachers’ Day. They were very surprised at seeing the teacher open the gift in front of them. And he said “Thank you very much. It’s very nice!” The disappointment immediately appeared on the students’ faces as they expected longer and more formal sentences than that and thought how impolite the teacher opened the gift at once. Vice versa, the teacher seemed to be impatient and embarrassed when listening to the monitor’s words “On the occasion of Vietnamese Teachers’ Day, we have a special gift for you. We hope that you’ll love it. We wish you happiness, good health and big success.” What was wrong in that situation? The American teacher was completely reasonable in his behavior and there was nothing grammatically wrong in the monitor’s words. Obviously, cultural differences here confused the participants and make the communicative process unsuccessful. From her personal observations in teaching career, the writer would like to have an insight into a really nice social manner- offering gifts and responding to gift offers from cross-cultural communication perspective. As a result of that, to seek a proper answer of what and how to say to offer a gift and respond to a gift offer. Why a gift offer, traditionally considered to bring benefit to the Receiver, is occasionally still refused? And why sometimes the Receiver’s behavior hurts the Giver? II. Aim of the study and research question The aim of this study is: To compare and contrast the strategies employed by Vietnamese and American people when they offer a gift and respond to a gift offer in their own language and culture. The study aimed to get the answers to the following question: What are the similarities and differences in American and Vietnamese when offering a gift and responding to a gift offer? LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Scope of the study This study is limited to the verbal aspects of the act of offering gifts. Nonverbal aspects of the act such as paralanguage, extra-language and the like are not investigated. Conclusions will be based on the analysis of the data collected from the questionnaires, not spontaneous discourse. It is said that data obtained from questionnaires about what people might say in certain situations may not always be the same as what they actually say in real life. It may be because the answers in written form seem to be more formal than speaking one. Obviously, it takes longer thinking so the answers are less natural. But it was felt that the data would indicate possible similarities and differences between American and Vietnamese ways of giving gifts and responding to the offers. The informants feel free from time pressure and their names are unknown so the data would be reliable. The Northern Vietnamese dialect and the English spoken as the first language in the United States are selected for contrastive analysis. Thus, the study will not go to a fixed conclusion but based on statistic data, give remarks, comments and assumption on the frequency of some verbal ways of offering gifts. This study is only confined to one aspect of language in action: what strategies are most commonly found in association with gift offering. Moreover, gift offering in this study is simply understood as a nice cultural behavior in daily life expressing deep gratitude, concern and attention to the Receiver. Of course, gifts can be offered without saying a word but the non – verbal aspect of gift offering, as mentioned before, is beyond the scope of this study. Moreover, this is as minor thesis so what kind of present should be given, to whom (the influence of informants’ parameters on the choice of strategies: age, gender, etc.) and what kind of present should be avoided are not touched in this study although the author is highly aware of them as a cultural characteristics of each nation. Design of the study Part A: Introduction: All the academic routine required for the study is represented. Part B: Development: This is the focus of the study and consists of four chapters Chapter I. Methodology Chapter III. Strategies in gift offering. Strategies in responding to gift offers. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Language and communication Language is considered as one of the highest and the most amazing achievements of human kind in labor process. In the Oxford “Advanced learner’s encyclopedic dictionary” (1998:506), language is defined as a “system of sounds, words, patterns, etc used by humans to communicate thoughts and feelings”. Thus, language is a means of communication and communication is the aim of language. According to Richard et al (1992:28) communication is “the exchange of ideas, information, etc between two or more persons. The sender/speaker transmit message to the receiver/listener”. However, communication is not merely an exchange of information. An important function of communication is to keep a particular society going. Individuals cooperate with one another to sustain reality and they use language as one of the means to do so. In communication, whether or not the language is intended and spoken, any communication behavior is perceived and interpreted. Such factors as the speaker’s communicative intention, the interlocutor’s expectation and communicative effects of the message are contributive to the success of communication. This means, “The communicative effects match the intentions” (Clyne, 1996:144). Thus, the speaker’s idea is grasped and the hearer’s interpretation is relevant to what the speaker (S) desires. Communication breakdown is a hidden risk in any communication settings. It falls into two types: non-communication where no message is communicated and miscommunication where any unintended message is communicated. In conclusion, through language we can affect every aspect of our relationships and successful communicators must be aware of their own and their interlocutors’ expectations of communication. Language and culture Anna Wierzbicka (1992:371) regards “language as a mirror of culture and national character.” People can understand the cultural characteristic of the nation through the language they use. Different cultures use language differently, even though some cultures possess the same language such as American culture, British culture, and Australian culture. Richard et al (1992:94) defines: “Culture is the total set of beliefs, attitudes, customs, behavior, social habits of the members of a particular society”. This definition not LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 4 only helps us understand what culture is, but also lists the components of culture. Obviously, culture is a sort of knowledge, which everyone must possess to function within a society. Beliefs, attitudes, customs, behaviors and social habits are not innate or born naturally but they are learnt through the socialization process in which you grow up a full member of a society. That is why culture does not belong to any single person but to all people. It is believed that language and culture are interrelated, language contains culture in itself and culture is expressed via language. Language, as a means of communication, is also bound up with culture in complex ways. Kramsch (1998:4) views the relationship between language and culture as follows: language expresses cultural reality. When people express their ideas, they use a stock of knowledge about the world that they share with one another; language embodies cultural reality. Members of a community create experience through language; language symbolizes cultural reality. Language is a system of signs with cultural values. Language of a group can be viewed as a symbol of their social identity. It can be obviously seen that language and culture are interrelated and interwoven with each other. Every cultural reality is expressed, embodied and symbolized by language. From a broader point of view, Nguyen Van Do (2004:71) mentions the relationship between language-culture and the society in which human beings are central. According to his argument, without people, culture and society would not exist. So, it is possible to interpret and describe a culture in its language. In its turn, culture influences the way in which language is used. It provides guidelines for our linguistic behavior. Communicative competence When learning a new language, the students must learn its grammatical rules to make a sentence correctly in grammar. This ability is called “linguistic competence”. If the linguistic competence of students is good, he can do grammatical exercises fluently and get high marks in exams. But that is not enough. In real-life communication, we also need “communicative competence”. It is the Students’ ability to know “when and where to use these sentences and to whom” (Richard et al (1992:65)). In order to communicate appropriately, students are supposed to have shared knowledge. According to Saville-Troike (1982:26), communicative competence consists of three components: linguistic knowledge, interaction skills, and cultural knowledge. The relation of these communicative components consolidates that knowledge of language and interaction skills are not enough. Choosing what to say and how to say to fit into a LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 5 community and its language are very essential. For successful communication, especially cross-cultural communication, learners must be aware of the target culture and the difference between the target and the source cultures. In other words, both knowledge of language and its culture decide successful communication.

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