VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ******************* NGUYỄN THỊ PHƢƠNG ANH A STUDY ON POLITENESS STRATEGIES TO MAKE REQUESTS USED IN BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCES WRITTEN BY AMERICANS NGHIÊN CỨU CÁC CHIẾN LƢỢC LỊCH SỰ KHI ĐƢA RA YÊU CẦU TRONG THƢ TÍN KINH DOANH ĐƢỢC VIẾT BỞI NGƢỜI MỸ M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 HANOI - 2017 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ******************* NGUYỄN THỊ PHƢƠNG ANH A STUDY ON POLITENESS STRATEGIES TO MAKE REQUESTS USED IN ENGLISH BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE WRITTEN BY AMERICANS NGHIÊN CỨU CÁC CHIẾN LƢỢC LỊCH SỰ KHI ĐƢA RA YÊU CẦU TRONG THƢ TÍN KINH DOANH ĐƢỢC VIẾT BỞI NGƢỜI MỸ M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervior: Assos. Dr Ngô Hữu Hoàng HANOI - 2017 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I hereby certify that this thesis is entirely my own work.
I have provided fully documented references to the others‟ work. The material in this thesis has not been submitted for assessment in any other formal course. I also accept all the requirements of ULIS relating to the retention and use of M.A Graduation Thesis deposited in the library. Hanoi, 2017 Nguyễn Thị Phƣơng Anh i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would not be fulfilled without the help of some people, and in some ways, I would like to thank everyone who has taught me, inspired me, challenged me, and supported me throughout the realization of this thesis.
I would like to express my deepest thanks to my beloved supervisor, Assoc.Dr Ngo Huu Hoang, , for his whole-hearted assistance, encouragement as well as his profound guidance he gave me while I was doing my research. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all lecturers in Faculty of Post-graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for their interesting lectures which have inspired me to conduct this thesis. I would also like to express my thanks to my colleagues -teachers of English, who encourage me, and help me during the project. Last but not least, I am most thankful to my relatives who have always inspired and encouraged me to complete this study.
Hanoi, May 2017 Nguyễn Thị Phương Anh ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT This thesis is to raise the competence of pragmatics in business writing for language learners when the needs of communications among people in the world are increasing much more and more. However, it is obviously indicated that English learners seems not to have understandings about pragmatics and essential issues in linguistics that makes them difficult in learning foreign language effectively. The researcher would like to show the importance of politeness strategies in requestings in native English speakers, in order to help learners avoid the FTAs when writing. In the thesis, the material is used : seventeen letters from Americans, which support the researchers carry out the research.
They are letters of customers to suppliers and vice versa, to ask information of price, products, shipment. By the deductive method, the research is carried out based on the theory of politeness strategies of Brown and Levison, then the data is descriptive, emumerated and analysed which the most frequent politeness strategies to make requests in writing mode and the trend of use these strategies in American business letters. It aims at giving full awareness of politeness strategies, the roles of pragmatics in commmunicating. iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION.
iii PART A: INTRODUCTION.2 Aims of the study .3 The research questions .4 The scope of research .5 Significance of the study .6 Design of study. 4 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .1 The pragmatic scope of the study .1 The speech act theory .2 Requesting as a speech act .2 Theoretical background of politeness .1 Brown and Levison‟s theory of politeness.2 Face-threatening acts ( FTAs). 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.1 Research on politeness to make requests in written language .2 Business letters and making requests .2 Making requests in English business letters .3 Some research on business letters. 19 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
20 CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND DISCUSSION .1 Frequency of occurrence of politeness strategies to make request in business letters composed by Americans .1 Requests from customers to suppliers .1 Positive politeness strategies .2 Negative politeness strategies .Requests from supplier to customers .1 Positive politeness strategies .2 Negative politeness strategies .2 Comparison of using politeness strategies to make request between customers and suppliers.1 Positive politeness strategies to make requests from customers and supplier .2 Negative politeness strategies to make requests from customers and supplier. Suggestion for further research. I v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATION FTA: Face-threatening act FSA: Face- saving act S: Speaker H: Hearer EFL: Engish as Foreign Langague vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND CHARTS FIGURE Figure 1. Face-threatening acts(Meier, 1995).
Social factors affects the speaker‟s strategies in communication. Possible strategies for doing face-threatening acts(Brown & Levinson, 1987). The frequency of occurrence of politeness strategies in business letters from customers to suppliers. 33 Table 2: Politeness strategies to make requests in letters from suppliers to customers.
34 CHART Chart 1: Positive politeness strategies to make requests from customers and suppliers .36 Chart 2: Negative politeness strategies to make requests from customers and supplier. 37 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Studying pragmatics is one interesting aspect in linguistics because of its practical features on communicating activities of people around the world. Politeness strategy is one considerable topic in pragmatics. Using and having competence of politeness strategies brings many advantages for communicating effectively, because it has effects on result of communication between people and people.
According to Brown and Levinson (1987)Politeness is the expression of the speakers' intention to mitigate face threats carried by certain face threatening acts toward the listener. Another definition is "a battery of social skills whose goal is to ensure everyone feels affirmed in a social interaction"(Mills, 2003). Therefore, being polite can be an attempt for the speaker to save their own face or the face of who he or she is talking to. These days, means of communication do not limit on direct communication because of development of technology.
Therefore, doing business is much easier than before, businesspeople can use letters sent via Internet to discuss, transactions what they need. Within communicating activities, requesting that can threaten the addressee‟ face most. Normally, it is studied in spoken language more than written language such as business letters. Meanwhile, the exchange of information between businesspeople is mostly continuous every day, especially via e-mails, including asking for information and ordering.
Therefore, the present study would like to analyze requesting in business letters written by American. It can bring a clear finding about the politeness strategies to make requests in written mode. It can help learners who learn English as a second language/ foreign language be competent the pragmatics, politeness strategies in making requests.2 Aims of the study The main purposes of the study are to examine which kind of politeness strategies to make requests in business letters from Americans. And, the second purpose is to find out the factors that affect choosing their politeness strategies in different business situations.
1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com With the above aims, the objectives of this study are as follows: - To explore what politeness strategies are often used to make request in business letters composed by Americans. - To find out what roles of the factors around to the effectiveness of requests 1.3 The research questions In order to achieve the aims stated, the study is meant to find out the answer to 2 following research questions 1. What are the most frequent politeness strategies to make requests in business letters from Americans? 2. Are there differences on choosing the strategies in American business letters? 1.4 The scope of research This study focuses on the politeness strategies in making request used in English business letters from Americans.
Requesting in business letters is various, however, because of the limitation of time and data, the research just focuses on some specific requests between clients and suppliers. The researcher chooses 17 letters, which composed by Americans which are collected from reliable sources. Ethical issues have also been considered in this study. Some of these letters are downloaded from the Internet and some others were collected from real American letters.5 Significance of the study The study has been conducted with the expectations that English learners in Vietnam will have more competences of pragmatics, especially politeness strategies to make requests used in English letters, which brings them benefits to gain the most effective communication with their international business partners.
Meanwhile, the research hopes to help students be more aware of American written styles in business letters, how they use language to show their attitude to others.6 Design of study The study consists of three parts Part A, Introduction presents the rationale of the study, the aims, the research questions, the significances, the scope, the methodology and the design of study. 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Part B, Development includes Chapter I, Theoretical background: In this chapter, theoretical knowledge of politeness strategies and business letters is presented. Chapter II, Literature review: it deals with the literature review of some previous studies on the similar issue. Chapter III, Methodology of research: Methodology, in which the researcher will restate the research questions and show how the researcher applied data collection instruments and process of conducting the study.
Data analysis, in which the research used both qualitative and quantitative method to study and analyze the figure and information collected. Chapter IV, Finding and discussion: in this chapter, the research represents the result from analyzing data, then discusses the result toward the theory to give the findings after doing the research. Part C, Conclusion, which summarizes all findings explored and bring out useful suggestions for the teachers to apply in teaching writing and for learners to improve in learning how to write English business letter effectively. An overall picture of what has been done in this study and suggestions for the further studies are also employed in this part.
3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 The pragmatic scope of the study Pragmatics is not too strange in linguistics studies in the last decades; it seems to be a hot trend which many linguists have concerns about. There are many arguments on defining what the pragmatics is, however, the researcher highly appreciates the view of Leiwo et al (1992:17), he emphasizes the language use in context and interaction, the user-oriented opinion is interested in how these elements are used in a specific context. It means that not all extra- linguistic factors can be excluded from a pragmatic evaluation.
Pragmatics asks the reason why people use language as they do and what they achieve by it. This emphasis lies in the use and function of language. Besides, the Halliday‟s functional view of language contributes significantly into identify the function of language in pragmatics. The first is the interpersonal function, which means the conveying of attitude and emotion, and the creation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships.
The second function includes the non-linguistics factors in language use(Halliday, 1970). Pragmatics can study any feature of language, its structure, words, even tones of voice(Verschueren, 1995). It can explain features of language use that other disciplines cannot account for. It would be impossible to explain politeness without having some competence of the pioneering works concerning language use.