MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology THE INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZER (SORBITOL) AND POLYMER (SODIUM ALGINATE AND ARROWROOT STARCH) CONCENTRATION ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF EDIBLE FILM A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Supervisors: Dr. CONDRO WIBOWO Dr. HUYNH TIEN DAT Student’s name: NGO PHAM THAO NGUYEN Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 THE INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZER (SORBITOL) AND POLYMER (SODIUM ALGINATE AND ARROWROOT STARCH) CONCENTRATION ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF EDIBLE FILM Author NGO PHAM THAO NGUYEN A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology Supervisor Dr. CONDRO WIBOWO Dr.
HUYNH TIEN DAT Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to show my wholehearted gratitude to the Department of Agricultural Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture at Universitas Jenderal Soedirman (Unsoed) sponsored and provided an internship scholarship for me with scholarship No.07/2023, this has helped me have more motivation and ability to complete my thesis well. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the Deans of the Faculty of Food Science and Technology at both Nong Lam University and Universitas Jenderal Soedirman for allowing me to complete my research. In addition, I could not have undertaken this journey without my supervisors, Prof. Condro Wibowo for their invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during my study in Indonesia.
The immense knowledge and ample experience have encouraged me throughout my academic research and daily life, especially the homesickness and adaptation process. Morevere, this endeavor would not have been possible without my Vietnamese instructor — Dr. Huynh Tien Dat, for his advice and guidance led me to complete this graduate thesis. Special thanks to Food Technology Laboratory members — Mr, David, Ms.
Syahla, Ms Muna, who had always been with my classmate and me and led us through the culture shocks on the first days of our stay at Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Their willingness to support and share with me the most advanced knowledge in the field to do my research in the laboratory — deepest thanks for their kind support. Finally, I would be remiss in not mentioning my beloved family, who raised and supported me unconditionally. Their belief in me has kept my spirit and motivation high during this process.
il ABSTRACT The development of environmentally eco-friendly packaging is emerging for industrial application. This study aimed to produce edible films using sorbitol, sodium alginate (SA) and arrowroot starch (ARS). Sorbitol acts as a plasticizer and was studied for the appropriate concentration in the film formulation. Different ratios of SA:ARS were examined for the ability of edible film casting.
Physicochemical properties such as thickness, colour, tensile strength, elongation at break, moisture content, opacity, water solubility, water vapor transmission rate, biodegradability and scanning electron microscope (SEM) morphology were analyzed to elucidate for the film production. The results showed that 0.5% sorbitol was the most suitable to produce the films with desirable characteristics of thickness, color, tensile strength and elongation at break. Different SA:ARS ratios significantly affected the physicochemical properties of edible films. The film obtained from a combination of 0.1% had acceptable physicochemical properties, a thin, a smooth surface and the higest biodegradability.
This formula may serve as a reference for further investigation of edible film and apply in the food industry. Keywords: Edible film, sodium alginate, arrowroot starch, sorbitol concentration, biodegradable film iil TABLES OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTD ticeeeeseeioinsnniniieabieioeiadelbdoascskiSiSS15465555613546356555484388 ii ABS TRACT sssssssssssnasasacsascsssacasasencsanspsssansssessasssswasnsnsocsssaassonasssgastassupsceusssaaasssssesaesess iii TABLES OF CONTEND šcccccicccciicitcctcccii201417316616603166851633550556G155E013993833831358383301388E:u8.886 iv LIST GE ABBREVIATIONS wesssze.cscssecessnssaswsssessasassessunscauseseavestisvenssveseessesussvesesesvnectes vii LIST OR TABLES con Hi ng 065661646 6056011686 6066608641611386406 80g85 viii LIST OF FIGURES scssescsssesssesssovessossscvnssssasescostesoussessesensscvesesessenssossessssssesensevscesonnseosses ix Chapter 1 INTRODUCION srssccsssssvescassvcwsssesssscnsenccsvespecsecesnsensavensonsseenversesessersneresesseeue 1 1.1211fI(EODGETOilbsssssostepsessszserostitrkBkcaggdoMZkenii001sai238S0gVSZgS0ngirlginBaoo,290ilica2n3ã.:0xg051Sp0SnES83U al LD. cA THRU GB]GIEUEŠssssssauiesig.EtosdgtiaaiogggiLadadklidadodggaiSu40dggukl,lsEupiroddagueSuioilu8sử:j8ia.pgi414030 | Chapter 2 LITTERATURE REV IE W.- Ăn ng nghe ren 3 2. Sodium alginate and potentials of edible film production.
Starch and potentials of film producfIo.1, -Ediblesfilna from SEATGTHHssssceescsscssseyssibsrsios68812055638049955888. Arrowroot starch and the potential of film producfion. PIAS CZ GD LxessekenhiioedsbndndsepttvsnigiggisisjiEi00S. Sorbitol and potential as plasticizer edible film .-- --- ---- ------=+<=+s 7 Chapter 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS.
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Water vapor transmission rate (WVÏTIR). Biodepradabilty: ssseecessseeseiassesrtobflbsg2SEESS585350438090998206/43889ðuEpSt2950800030/60050/05E 14 3. The scanning electron microscope (SEM).:::eccesseesceeseeseeseeeseeeeeeeeees 14 Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Investigating the optimal sorbitol concentration for film samples.
Thickness, tensile strength and elongation and break.1 2: CÓ |Ô UĨ ssssssastiiiosee81144011483138853538055958485EK-GESIRGH. Effect of different sodium alginate (SA) and arrowroot starch (ARS) ratios on the physicochemical properties of the edible film .-- --- -------+5+<++£+<£+e£zeczereeres 19 421, MOIStItE COMLEIE seeeasesenasieiinasixesesiaetls138EESESESAIGESESESESSES. DT WIG KIESðsmnuoniintieediniiiiBi0Ei1SGSE4G1108)380038800G3588085/30L3H5AS3I988GB210008038108083185882888/08888 20 c1 80900 Gốc ốc 21 4. Tensible strength and elongation at break .-- ---- 55+ +-c<<+c<+seesxeees 22 QD 0) DAC eer ee ee 24 4.
Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The scanning electron microscope (SEM).::::ccscescesceseescesceseeseeeeeenees 28 Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .-- 29 Doles CÍGHGÌUSTOÌTSLecsssesiiooiaorsreugbenntricbdcgorgg bngtrtoStboustdltgtixlnggiiiehoSfigetnsghissldtuulginsduz78iisieal0urlkdi3e.€G0iiiiefiaHOÍE wis cxvaxcnnonenomsnasonrorcssnenoennnstuetunensnnesnasavadonmeeunenmavsrennitendneasensereent 29 REEER. ch ii ng 30 APPENDICES wisesesssssssensssnesesossnnseesensveecsenssevsnenessnaessssvensenstesssenssessnsssesesosnssecsnseocessseseos 36 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SA: Sodium alginate ARS: Arrowroot starch MC: Moisture content WVTR: Water vapor transmission rate TS: Tensile strength EB: Elongation at break SEM: Scanning electron microscope TPAS Thermoplastic arrowroot starch GPE Grape pomace extract TA Tannic acid UTM Universal testing machine vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Levels of sodium alginate (SA) and arrowroot starch (ARS) used to formulate Sai] (cas0100 .1 Thickness, tensile strength, and elongation at break at different concentrations 85457181987 .2 The colour measurement of the films obtained from different sorbitol EO HCC TICEALT O19 wo ias.3 Moisture content of the films with different sodium alginate and arrowroot Starch Taf1OS.4 Thickness of the films obtained from different sodium alginate and arrowroot SitITG HTBITTSLsussxcsgsssvotos vong haiabtgeesniintrogggsi0z3cropogbssditgssasrgrovolfsotrougfSssrtGonos imraebntutiavottgtiegiopgttsuilsivsagtssllergk 20 Table 4.5 Colour parameters of the films obtained from different sodium alginate and ATrOWrOOt Starch LatiOS .6 Tensile strength and elongation at break of the films obtained from different sodium alginate and arrowroot starch raf1OS.7 Opacity of the films with different sodium alginate and arrowroot starch ratios Table 4.8 Water solubility of the films with different sodium alginate and arrowroot Starch ratiOS .ccccce cece cece cc cccccccccceceeeesseeeeesessssssssececcccccececceceececeesesesueeususessessessssesseeeeeeees 25 Table 4.9 Water vapor transmission of the films with different sodium alginate and z]0t9)`14191918-172140i8v21019-:aiiaa. 26 Vili LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Classification of edible films and coatings applied in food according to their COMP ONE IUG crs seo snmeseame amr emacasneansenenaeee eas eneere amen 4 Figure 3.1 Diagram of the process of making edible film.1 The films of change in sorbitol concentration alb1( 0.0%), and Bổ ES eer ee ee ee lộ Figure 4.2 The change concentration in sodium alginate/arrowroot starch in BIGGS BAAS AT esses cissanenenen an ciouinemsueastinseeneenomnnisuateoneamnasuaiimenemdiaiaumonnmeaniunccemsuain 19 Figure 4.3 Biodegradability of films obtained from different SA:ARS ratios.
Samples were observed at day 0, 5, 15 and 30 films after burying.4 SEM images of surfaces of films at the magnification of 1000x. C1D: film obtained from SA:ARS of 0.1; C5D: film obtained from SA:ARS of 0. Introduction Development of environmentally friendly-food packaging is an emerging request for better sustainability in the food industry. Plastic packaging is one of the leading sources of environmental pollution since it is extremely difficult to degrade in nature.
Biopolymer films made of renewable resources, are usually obtained from natural raw materials such as starch and sodium alginate (Murrieta-Martinez et al., 2018; Shanbhag, Shenoy, Shetty, Srinivasulu, & Nayak, 2023), would be an excellent alternative to plastic film. Starches derived from various botanical sources are an important polymer contributing to the development of biofilms. Arrowroot starch has been investigated to develop starch films due to its high amylose content, offering the film superior physicochemical properties such as better tensile strength and flexibility (Nogueira, Soares, Cavasini, Fakhouri, & de Oliveira, 2019; Tarique, Sapuan, Khalina, et al. Arrowroot starch based-films have been developed using different plasticizers such as carnauba wax (de Oliveira Filho et al., 2020), blackberry pulp (Nogueira et al.
Sorbitol has been widely used as a plasticizer in starch-based films such as corn, tapioca, and potato starches (Nogueira et al. However, the investigation of using sorbitol as a plasticizer in arrowroot starch-based film is quite limited. The interaction between sodium alginate and starch has been reported (Siddaramaiah, Swamy, Ramaraj, & Lee, 2008). Sodium alginate/starch system has been used to develop biodegradable films (Abduwaiti et al., 2021; Wang, Lin, An, Ren, & Yan, 2013).
Yet, the utilization of sodium alginate/arrowroot starch system in biodegradable films has not been fully understood. Aim and objectives This study aimed to develop a biodegradable film based on a sodium alginate/arrowroot starch system with sorbitol as a plasticizer. To achieve this aim, specific objectives were set as follows: - Determine the suitable concentration of sorbitol as a plasticizer - Investigate the impact of sodium alginate/arrowroot starch ratio on the physicochemical properties of the films. Chapter 2 LITTERATURE REVIEW 2.
Edible films Edible film is a thin, consumable layer that acts as a protective barrier for food products, extending their shelf life. These films are typically made from biodegradable materials offering a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic packaging. Edible films play a crucial role in preventing food spoilage by acting as a barrier against external factors, thereby improving food safety and quality (Murrieta-Martinez et al. The development of edible films from renewable sources is gaining traction due to their eco- friendly nature and potential to reduce plastic waste.
Film formulation requires at least one component capable of producing a structural matrix of sufficient cohesiveness, whereas their functional efficiency strongly depends on the nature of additional components. Numerous studies have been carried out to study the properties of films made of a single hydrocolloid component: a polysaccharide or protein. The most frequently utilized polysaccharides were cellulose and starch (and their derivatives), etc (Dangaran, Tomasula, & Qi, 2009; Durango, Soares, & Andrade, 2006; Gómez-Estaca, Gavara, Catala, & Hernández-Muñoz, 2016; Wihodo & Moraru, 2013). A recent approach to edible and biodegradable film technology involves the production of composite films, by combining different polysaccharides, proteins and lipids in order to improve their functionality.
Composite films may be designed to achieve a synergistic effect of combined features of pure components, even though, as with synthetic polymers, mechanical and barrier properties of composite biofilms strongly depend on characteristics of constituting polymers and their compatibility (Schmid, Hammann, & Winkler, 2014). Edible polymer films comprise a thin layer of edible material prepared separately and then applied to the food surface. Their purpose is to inhibit the migration of moisture, oxygen, carbonic dioxide, aromas, and lipids, transport ingredients or bioactive compounds, and improve the mechanical integrity or handling characteristics of the food (Murrieta-Martinez et al. Natural polymers or polymers are derived from natural 3 monomers, so their biodegradability and environmental compatibility are ensured.
However, their mechanical properties and permeability are generally poorer than synthetic films, particularly the hydrophilic nature of edible polymers limits their ability to provide desired edible film functions to specific applications. For this reason, the relative humidity, which greatly influences the majority of properties, must be taken into account when considering its applications.