JjP|TẬ FPT UNIVERSITY Macroeconomics Group Assignment Instructor: Nguyên Hữu Hoàng Giao Class: IB1804 Group: 5 Semester: Fall 2023 Word count: 10,753 Student’s Name and ID: 1. Pham Tran Minh Thu SS171005 2. Kong Anh Ngoc SS180935 3. Truong ThiNgocTram SS181041 4.
Mai Tran Anh Thu SS181136 5. Vu Ngoc Minh Anh SS181276 6. Bui Phuong Mai SS181280 7. Nguyen Mai Linh SS181361 Table of Contents Huo 1.
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Government Debt 9, Govermment Policies. 16 a) Expansionary Policies NT. 16 b) ®oinr ii 0309 NA. 18 C) Exchange Rate Policies.
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VI- References I- ‘Introduction Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how an overall economy works - markets, businesses, consumers, and governments. Macroeconomics examines economy-wide phenomena such as inflation, price levels, economic growth rates, national income, gross domestic product (GDP), and changes in unemployment rates. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the Chinese economy. China's GDP growth slowed to 2.2% in 2020, the lowest level in over 40 years.
The Chinese government has taken a number of steps to stimulate economic growth, including fiscal stimulus, monetary easing, and infrastructure investment. GDP GDP Growth (%) Change Annual 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 nN ° nN Nn (World Bank, 2023) A nation's current gross domestic product is a crucial metric for assessing the state of its economy. It talks about the annual total market value of all products and services generated in a nation. To guarantee consistency, the current GDP is adjusted for inflation before being compared to previous years.
Since real GDP growth takes into account continuous GDP numbers, itis considered a crucial indication of economic growth. With a GDP of almost 25.5 trillion dollars as of 2022, China was among the top nations in the world with the greatest gross domestic products, second only to the United States. Textor, 2023) GDP growth (% yoy) H GDP (RMB trillion) lời iy * aa § c3 # asy > > zg e a @ © © (Briefing, 2023) China's National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) announced on July 17 that the country's GDP in the first half of 2023 reached 59,303.4 billion yuan, an increase of 5.5% and an increase of 1 percentage point compared to the first quarter. Fu Linghui, spokesperson of the National Bureau of Statistics of China, said that China's first quarter GDP was 4.5%, second quarter increased by 6.3%; Compared to the first quarter of 2023, second quarter GDP only increased by 0.
(qdnd, 2023) Dissecting industrial segments, we find that services have recovered the fastest when compared to 2022: The agricultural production situation is stable, industrial production is on the recovery path. In the first half of this year, the added value of the agricultural sector (cultivation) increased by 3.3% over the same period last year. The service industry grew rapidly, 6.4% over the same period last year, more than | percentage point compared to the first quarter. Inflation and Deflation Traditionally, national inflation rates are calculated using the country's Consumer Price Index (CPI).
The Consumer Price Index (CPI), a type of economic indicator, is used to monitor changes over time in the cost of a representative sample of consumer goods and services for a certain population and geographic region. (Statista, 2023) Deflationary pressures persist in China's economy China's consumer price at in September from a 2ar earlier, while factory-gate prices shrank at a slowe pace, indicating deflationar yressures persist In the economy.0% (Reuter, 2023) According to Zhiwei Zhang, chief economist at Pinpoint Asset Management, even with a 0% CPI inflation rate, the Chinese economy remains vulnerable to deflationary pressure. The revival of domestic demand is not particularly important in the absence of substantial government aid. Household demand is still bemg hampered by the fall in consumer confidence in the real estate market.
The slow reduction in the average level of prices for goods and services within an economy is known as deflation. China's CPI decreased by 0.3% in July 2023 compared to the same month the previous year, marking the first such decline since February 2021. For the last ten months, the PPI in China has been declining.80 % 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 NON Related Last Previous Unit Reference Unemployment Rate 5.20 percent Sep 2023 Wages 114029.00 CNY/Year Dec 2022 Wages in Manufacturing 97528.00 CNY/Year Dec 2022 Population 1411.60 Million Dec 2022 Youth Unemployment Rate 21.80 Percent Jun 2023 + China's urban unemployment rate dropped from 5.2% in August 2023 to 5.0% in September 2023, according to a survey. Since November 2021, the unemployment rate has not been this low.
The survey data indicates that the unemployment rate for those who registered for local homes was 5.1%, for non-local households it was 4.9%, and for non-local agricultural households it was 4. The unemployment rate in thirty-one major cities and towns decreased slightly in September, from 5.3% in August to 5. Employees at businesses across the nation worked an average of 48.8 hours per week. (TRADING ECONOMICS, 2023) Furthermore, there were 187.74 million more rural migrant laborers overall at that time—2.8% more than the year before.
The unemployment rate was 5.3% throughout the first three quarters of the year. The administration intends to keep the unemployment rate at 5.5% while adding 12 million new urban jobs by 2023. Fiscal and Monetary Policy a) Fiscal Policies Tax rebates and fee cuts: The Chinese government has implemented a series of tax relief measures for small businesses and individuals impacted by the pandemic. These measures include reductions and waivers on corporate income tax, value-added tax, and individual income tax.
The relief measures have been extended to a range of industries, including manufacturing, services, technology, and low-profit enterprises. In March 2022, China issued US$39 billion in tax deferrals to small businesses. The government has pledged a total of RMB 2.5 trillion (US$374 billion) in tax refunds and reductions in 2022, with RMB 1.5 billion) earmarked for VAT rebates. Additionally, the government has extended fee cuts for small businesses, including deferral of social security premiums, housing provident fund payments, loan interest, and reduction of education surcharges.
(Briefing, 2022) Special purposed bond: Local governments in China use special-purpose bonds (SPBs) to fund infrastructure and public projects. These bonds are limited to nine major areas including transportation, energy, and affordable housing. In 2021, the Chinese government set the SPB quota at RMB 3.5 billion), with around 50% of the funds being used for transportation and infrastructure projects. The government front-loaded the 2022 quota of SPBs, releasing RMB 1.5 billion) in late December 2021 to boost spending at the start of the year.
Local governments have been urged to complete the issuance of all SPBs released by the end of June and mostly use them up by the end of August, with a total quota of RMB 3.5 billion) set for 2022. (Briefing, 2022) > Chinese local govts’ special-purpose bond issuance (End-March) Portion of | Portion of newly 2022 total ' issued special- ' purpose bonds 86” 68” Advanced special- purpose bonds | Cumulative bond ' funds for projects eo triLion yuan ie triLLion yuan Source: Ministry of Finance Graphics: Xiong Xiaoying/GT (Times, no date) b) Monetary Policies PBOC profit transfer: The People's Bank of China (PBOC) announced in March 2022 a profit transfer of RMB 1 trillion (US$149.6 billion) to the government. The funds are intended to be primarily used for tax refunds and transfers to local governments to provide support for local businesses and individuals. (Briefing, 2022) Central Bank's Contribution State-owned entities will give 1.65 trillion yuan in profits to government this year, including 1 trillion yuan from the PBOC 650 billion yuan Others Ƒ1,000 _ billion yuan PBOC Source: Ministry of Finance Bloomberg (Bloomberg.Com, 2022) Reserve Requirement Ratio (RRR) cuts: The People's Bank of China (PBOC) has been using cutting banks’ reserve requirement ratio (RRR) as one of the tools of monetary policy.
By lowering the RRR, banks have more cash to spend, which can be used to provide loans to businesses in need. In December 2021, the PBOC cut the RRR by 0.5 percent, freeing up RMB 1.6 billion) for banks. In April 2022, the first RRR cut of the year occurred, but it was smaller than previous cuts at 0.25 percent, freeing up RMB 530 billion (US$79. (Briefing, 2022) (Reserve requirement ratio cut in China — will it resuscitate the economy?, 2023) Loan Prime Rate (LPR) cuts: The loan prime rate (LPR) is a key tool for stimulating the economy.
The LPR is the benchmark corporate loan and mortgage rate for commercial banks, set by the PBOC. Lowering the LPR reduces the costs of new loans for borrowers, helping to inject more liquidity into the economy. This can help boost housing sales as new mortgages become cheaper. In May 2022, the PBOC cut the five-year LPR by a record amount, from 4.45 percent, in part to help boost the property sector.
Exchange rates Before COVID-19 (Pre-2020): China maintained a managed exchange rate system, where the People's Bank of China (PBOC) tightly controlled the yuan's value against a basket of currencies. This system aimed to stabilize the exchange rate and promote economic stability. Before COVID-19, the yuan had been appreciating gradually against the U. dollar and other major currencies over several years.
This was partly due to China's economic growth and efforts to internationalize the yuan. During COVID-19 (2020): The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted global financial markets, leading to increased volatility in exchange rates worldwide. In early 2020, as the pandemic spread globally, many currencies, including the yuan, initially weakened against the U. dollar due to investor concerns and economic uncertainties.
China took measures to stabilize its economy, including fiscal and monetary policy adjustments, which influenced the exchange rate's movements. After COVID-19: As China's economy began to recover from the initial shock of the pandemic, the yuan gradually regained strength. This recovery was due to China's relative success in managing the pandemic and a resurgence of economic growth. The yuan continued to appreciate against the U.
dollar and other major currencies, reflecting China's economic resilience and a renewed focus on internationalization. Exchange rate between the Chinese yuan (CNY) and the U. dollar (USD): Pre-COVID-19 (January 2019 - December 2019): January 2019: Approximately 6.72 CNY to 1 USD.97 CNY to 1 USD. During COVID-19 (January 2020 - December 2020): March 2020 (Initial impact of COVID-19): Approximately 7.08 CNY to 1 USD.07 CNY to 1 USD.53 CNY to 1 USD.
Post-COVID-19 (January 2021 - October 2021): March 2021: Approximately 6.47 CNY to 1 USD.45 CNY to 1 USD.