VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯỢNG LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS AND THEIR REALIZATION IN CHAPTER 5 “WHITE FANG AND THE INDIANS” IN THE NOVEL “WHITE FANG” BY JACK LONDON (CÁC MỐI QUAN HỆ LOGIC – NGỮ NGHĨA VÀ SỰ THỂ HIỆN CỦA CHÚNG TRONG CHƯƠNG 5 “NANH TRẮNG VÀ NHỮNG NGƯỜI ANH-ĐIÊNG” TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT “NANH TRẮNG” CỦA JACK LONDON) M. Minor Programme Thesis Field : English Linguistics Code : 602215 Hanoi – 2012 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯỢNG LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS AND THEIR REALIZATION IN CHAPTER 5 “WHITE FANG AND THE INDIANS” IN THE NOVEL “WHITE FANG” BY JACK LONDON (CÁC MỐI QUAN HỆ LOGIC – NGỮ NGHĨA VÀ SỰ THỂ HIỆN CỦA CHÚNG TRONG CHƯƠNG 5 “NANH TRẮNG VÀ NHỮNG NGƯỜI ANH-ĐIÊNG” TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT “NANH TRẮNG” CỦA JACK LONDON) M. Minor Programme Thesis Field : English Linguistics Code : 602215 Supervisor: Prof. Hoàng Văn Vân Hanoi – 2012 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Notational conventions iv List of figures and tables v Table of contents vi PART A: INTRODUCTION 1.
Aim of the study and Research questions 2 3. Scope of the study 2 4. Methods of the study 3 6. Design of the study 3 PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.
What is functional grammar? 4 1. The role of Contextual Analysis 5 1. What is Context? 5 1. The Model of context 6 1.
Grammatical rank scale 6 1. Clause and clause complex 8 1. Clause and its position in functional grammar 8 1. Clause simplex and clause complex 9 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
Logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes in 9 English 1. Elaboration 13 Paratactic elaboration 13 Hypotactic elaboration 14 b. Extension 16 Paratactic extension 16 Hypotactic extension 17 c. Enhancement 18 Paratactic enhancement 19 Hypotactic enhancement 21 1.
Paratactic projection 23 Paratactic locutions 23 Paratactic ideas 24 b. Hypotactic projection 25 Hypotactic locutions 25 Hypotactic ideas 25 1. Summary 26 CHAPTER 2 LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CLAUSES IN CLAUSE COMPLEXES IN CHAPTER 5 “WHITE FANG AND THE INDIANS” IN THE NOVEL “WHITE FANG” BY JACK LONDON 2. The context of the chosen text 28 2.
Contextual configuration of the text 29 2. Field 29 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. The analysis of the text 30 2. Findings and discussions 30 2.
Elaboration 31 Paratactic elaboration 31 Hypotactic elaboration 31 b. Extension 33 Paratactic extension 33 Hypotactic extension 34 c. Enhancement 35 Paratactic enhancement 35 Hypotactic enhancement 36 2. Paratactic projection 39 Paratactic locutions 39 Paratactic ideas 39 b.
Hypotactic projection 40 Hypotactic locutions 40 Hypotactic ideas 40 2. Concluding remarks 42 PART C: CONCLUSION 1. Implications of the study 43 3. Suggestions for further study 44 REFERENCES 46 APPENDICES LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 1 PART A: INTRODUCTION 1.
Rationale Grammar is a description of logic. It is a description of a logical thinking G46 process. Human beings first uttered distinctive sounds to convey thoughts. Later, people made graphical representations of those sounds, a written language.
Finally, people analyzed the language to determine the patterns and variations. That final step is GRAMMAR, an analysis of the way a language functions. According to Lock (1996: 1), there are many ways of describing the grammar of a language. One approach sees grammar as a set of rules which specify all the possible grammatical structures of the language.
Another approach sees language first and foremost as a system of communication and analyzes grammar to discover how it is organized to allow speakers and writers to make and exchange meanings. The former approach to grammatical analysis is often called formal, while the latter approach is normally called functional. Halliday (1994) considers functional grammar (FG) essentially as a „natural‟ grammar, in the sense that everything in it can be explained, ultimately, by reference to how language is used. There have been many studies concerning with different aspects of functional grammar in which studies on the meaning and structure of a text also mention the relationship between clauses in clause complexes.
However, these studies are only limited to surface relations or one of the two of the relations between clauses in a clause complex. In other words, logico-semantic relations have not been studied in details. Also, there have been some studies on logico-semantic relations between clauses but they only focus on fairy tales, short stories, not on novels. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 2 For those reasons, I chose the novel “White Fang” written by Jack London to investigate the logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes.
The reason for my selecting the novel is not only because of its popularity but also because of its precise prose style. Moreover, doing this research gives me a chance to get to know the novel with lessons on bravery, patience, tolerance and love. The novel consists of 20 chapters but I only choose Chapter 5 as the illustrated material for the analysis because through this chapter, the logico- semantic relations are realized quite clearly. As the result, readers can understand more about the logico-semantic relations between clauses.
Thus, my study will be on Logico-semantic relations and their realization in chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London. Aim of the study and Research questions The aim of this thesis is to explore how logico-semantic relations are realized in chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by Jack London. In order to fulfill this aim, the following research questions are raised for exploration: 1. What are logico-semantic relations? 2.
How are they realized in chapter five of “White Fang” by Jack London? 3. Scope of the study Given the aim and the research questions as set above, within the framework of a minor M. thesis, the study cannot cover all aspects of functional grammar. What it attempts to do is to confirm itself to the exploration of the logico-semantic relations between clauses.
This involves a review on the notions concerning the clause complex and the logico-semantic relations between clauses. As the aim of this thesis is to explore how the logico-semantic relations are realized in chapter five of “White Fang” by Jack London, its second focus is on analyzing chapter five “White Fang and the Indians” of the novel “White Fang” in terms of logico-semantic relations. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Data collection Data collected for analysis and discussion is from clauses in chapter 5 “White Fang and the Indians” in the novel “White Fang” by the noted American writer, Jack London, which was published by Longman Group UK Limited in 1968.
Methods of the study The study is conducted as an attempt to understand more about the nature of logico-semantic relations between clauses in English and their realization in chapter 5 in the novel “White Fang”. Thus, descriptive and analytical methods will be used as the principal ones for the study. The descriptive method is used to re-examine the notions relating to the clause complex and its logico-semantic relations between clauses. The analytical method is used to analyze the text (chapter five of “White Fang”) in terms of logico-semantic relations.
Design of the study The study is organized around 3 parts: Part A states the reasons for choosing the topic, the aim, research questions, the scope, data collection, the methods of the study, and the research design. Part B, the main part of the study, consists of two chapters: Chapter 1 – Theoretical Background – provides an overview of systemic functional grammar, context and the role of context in interpreting meaning, grammatical rank scale, clauses and clause complexes, the notion of taxis and the logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes. Chapter 2 attempts to answer the question “How are logico-semantic relations realized in Chapter 5 „White Fang and the Indians‟ in the novel „White Fang‟ by Jack London?” This chapter analyzes chapter five of “White Fang” in terms of logico-semantic relations, discusses and makes some comments on the findings. Part C draws some conclusions, makes some implications for teaching and learning English and some suggestions for further research.
LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 4 PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1. Introduction This chapter reviews some basic concepts that set the theoretical orientation for the study. The chapter focuses on five parts: (1) what is functional grammar? (2) the role of contextual analysis, (3) grammatical rank scale, (4) clause and clause complex, and (5) logico-semantic relations between clauses in clause complexes in English. What is functional grammar? According to Martin, et al.
(1997: 1), “functional grammar is a way of looking at grammar in terms of how grammar is used. In the field of linguistics, the main alternative to functional grammar is formal grammar, which is concerned with the ways in which our genes constrain the shape of our grammars, and thus constrain what we can and cannot say.” Martin, et al. state that functional grammar focuses on the development of grammatical systems as a means for people to interact with each other. It provides us with tools for understanding why a text is the way it is.
A functional grammar is a grammar that respects speakers‟ rights to make up their own minds about how they choose to talk; at the same time it makes speakers explicitly aware of the choices they have available, so they can make an informed decision about the options they choose. Its orientation is social, in other words, rather than biological. For Halliday, language is “a network of systems or interrelated sets of options for making meaning” (Halliday, 1994: 15), thus language is “systemic”. The term „functional‟ is used to indicate that the approach is concerned with meaning.
LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 5 Functional grammar, in Thompson‟s (1996: 8) view, sets out to investigate what the range of relevant choices are, both in the kinds of meanings that we might want to express (or functions that we might want to perform) and in the kinds of wordings that we can use to express these meanings; and to match these two sets of choices. Functional Grammar seeks to be a theory which is “functional” in at least three different, though interrelated senses: (i) it takes a functional view on the nature of language; (ii) it attaches primary importance to functional relations at different levels in the organization of grammar; (iii) it wishes to be practically applicable to the analysis of different aspects of language and language use. The role of contextual analysis 1. What is context? In linguistics, the term „context‟ has been used quite commonly.
So what is context? For some scholars, context seems just to be the minimal stretch of language that helps to understand what is written and spoken (Brown & Yule, 1983: 35). Nunan (1993: 7) considers context as an important concept in discourse analysis. According to him, “context refers to the situation giving rise to the discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded.” (Nunan, 1993: 7 - 8) In the view of Hymes (1962) (cited in Brown and Yule, 1983: 38), “A context can support a range of meanings. When a form is used in a context it eliminates the meanings possible to that context other than those the form can signal: the context eliminates from consideration the meanings possible in the form other than those the context can support.