SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLAND VIETNAM - THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M. IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OPTION: EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM’S STOCK MARKET by Nguyen Cong Thanh A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in Development Economics Ho Chi Minh city, October 2017 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM - THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M. IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OPTION: EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM’S STOCK MARKET by Nguyen Cong Thanh A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in Development Economics Academic Supervisor: Dr. Nguyen Vu Hong Thai Ho Chi Minh city, October 2017 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I hereby declare that my dissertation entitled “Capital Structure and Growth Option: Evidence from an Emerging Market” is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text.
My dissertation is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification in any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. Date: October 10th, 2017 Signature. Full name: Nguyen Cong Thanh LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A successful thesis cannot be fulfilled without the unrelenting support of my dedicated supervisor, Dr.
Nguyen Vu Hong Thai, who has devoted all of his time, efforts, and energy to guiding me during the course of doing the thesis. His dedication is what makes me feel impressive when I have a chance to work with him, his friendliness is what makes me feel comfortable when I ask him some difficult questions, and his enthusiasm is what makes me feel energetic when I have difficulty in solving a problem in my research. All of these leave me with the most unforgettable memory and experience. My purpose of this acknowledgement is to express my inexpressible gratitude to my dear supervisor.
There is a good teacher, there is an excellent student. I would like to send my special thanks to Prof. Nguyen Trong Hoai, Dr. Pham Khanh Nam, Dr.
Truong Dang Thuy for their valuable command, guidance and support during the program. Furthermore, I am extremely grateful to give Dr. Nguyen Phuc Canh and Dr. Tran Thi Tuan Anh all my best thanks from bottom of my heart for everything they have done to support me.
Besides, my thanks are given to all of the lectures who have been my knowledge guiders and the staff who have been my service supporters throughout the master program at University of Economics and Erasmus University Rotterdam. Without their help, never can I have an opportunity to proceed and complete my master thesis. The last but not least, I would like to thank Dr. Tran Gia Tung, Pham Thi Anh Thu and Tran Le Khang who have always been a pillar for me to rely on during the hardships of attempting to achieve the master thesis.
It is their unspoken sacrifice and untiring work that bring me more spare time to be able to reach the final destination of my progress. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT The research identifies the impacts of growth opportunities on capital structure of Vietnamese companies. All of the listed firms on Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE) and Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX) from 2008 to 2015 are included in the research data. The regression methods for panel data including Pooled Ordinary Least Squared (POLS), Fixed Effects Models (FEM), Random Effects Models (REM), and System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) are used for the whole sample and two subsamples for the years after and during the financial crisis.
The results indicate that growth opportunities have significantly positive effects on leverage measured by both short-term and long-term debt over total assets. Interestingly, the sign of this relationship remains unchanged in the pre-crisis and post-crisis. In addition, this finding proves the existence of Pecking Order Theory in Vietnamese firms’ capital structure during this period because Vietnam has more financial constraints in getting the bank loans during the crisis, its legal systems are strictly controlled by the government or by state-owned enterprises, its law codes are too weak to protect the rights of shareholders and bondholders, and most of its firms are virtually comprised of small and medium enterprises. Keywords: capital structure, growth option, emerging markets, pecking order theory, trade-off theory.
LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Problem Statement and Significance of research. The Research Objectives and Research Questions. Structure of Thesis Design.
3 CHAPTER 2: RELATED THEORIES AND LITTERATURE REVIEW. Overview of the related theories. Theory of irrelevancy. Trade – off theory.
Static trade-off theory. Dynamic Trade-off Theory. Pecking order theory. The market timing theory.
Theory of agency costs. Some previous review on trade-off theory and pecking order theory. Some previous studies on growth options and firm leverage. Some related literature in Vietnam.
26 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND DATA. 32 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. 46 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Limitation and further research.
Table 4 Column 1 result. Table 4 Column 2 result. Table 4 Column 3 result. Table 4 Column 4 result.
Table 4 Column 5 result. Table 4 Column 6 result. Table 5 Column 1 result. Table 5 Column 2 result.
Table 5 Column 3 result. Table 5 Column 4 result. Table 5 Column 5 result. Table 5 Column 6 result.
Table 6 Column 1 result. Table 6 Column 2 result. Table 6 Column 3 result. Table 6 Column 4 result.
Table 6 Column 5 result. Table 6 Column 6 result. Table 7 Column 1 result. Table 7 Column 2 result.
Table 7 Column 3 result. Table 7 Column 4 result. 63 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Table 7 Column 5 result.
Table 7 Column 6 result. Table 8 Column 1 result. Table 8 Column 2 result. Table 8 Column 3 result.
Table 8 Column 4 result. Table 8 Column 5 result. Table 8 Column 6 result. Table 9 Column 1 result.
Table 9 Column 2 result. Table 9 Column 3 result. Table 9 Column 4 result. Table 9 Column 5 result.
Table 9 Column 6 result. Table 10 Column 1 result. Table 10 Column 2 result. Table 10 Column 3 result.
Table 10 Column 4 result. Table 10 Column 5 result. Table 10 Column 6 result. Table 11 Column 1 result.
Table 11 Column 2 result. Table 11 Column 3 result. Table 11 Column 4 result. Table 11 Column 5 result.
76 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Table 11 Column 6 result. Table 12 Column 1 result. Table 12 Column 2 result.
Table 12 Column 3 result. Table 12 Column 4 result. Table 12 Column 5 result. Table 12 Column 6 result.
Table 14 Column 1 result. Table 14 Column 2 result. Table 14 Column 3 result. Table 14 Column 4 result.
Table 14 Column 5 result. Table 14 Column 6 result. Table 15 Column 1 result. Table 15 Column 2 result.
Table 15 Column 3 result. Table 15 Column 4 result. Table 15 Column 5 result. Table 15 Column 6 result.
Table 16 Column 1 result. Table 16 Column 2 result. Table 16 Column 3 result. Table 16 Column 4 result.
Table 16 Column 5 result. Table 16 Column 6 result. 116 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Control variables definition.
Estimated results using POLS with Total Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage. Estimated results using POLS with Short-term Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage. Estimated results using POLS with Long-term Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage. Estimated results using FEM with Total Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage.
Estimated results using FEM with Short-term Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage. Estimated results using FEM with Long-term Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage. Estimated results using REM with Total Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage. Estimated results using REM with Short-term Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage.
Estimated results using FEM with Long-term Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage. Parameters Test, Hausman Test and Breusch & Pagan Lagrange multiplier Test. Estimated results using SGMM with Total Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage. Estimated results using SGMM with Short-term Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage.
Estimated results using SGMM with Long-term Debt to Total Asset represented for Leverage. 50 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS HNX: Hanoi Stock Exchange HOSE: Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange POLS: Pooled Ordinary Least Squared FEM: Fixed Effects Model REM: Random Effects Model SGMM: System Generalized Method of Moments LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Significance of research The relationship between capital structure and growth options is explained in two main theories including pecking–order theory and trade–off theory in the financial literature. Specifically, an immense of studies have been done in order to examine the aforementioned relationship in the economic field of finance and capital analysis following these theories (for instance, see Adedeji (2002), Antoniou et al.
(2008), Antoniou et al. Actually, these empirical justify the capital structure and growth options under the light of trade–off theory and pecking–order theory have been taken in the context of developed countries such as US, Japan, UK, which have strong market disciplines, corporate governance and less agency problems (Harford et al. Some recent studies consider these theories in the context of emerging countries such as China with the results favoring the existence of pecking – order theory. For example, Chen (2004) discovers there has no persuadable explanation for the capital choices of the Chinese firms from the pecking-order and the trade-off model hypothesis derived from the Western.
Obviously, the capital choice decision of Chinese enterprises is predictably followed a “new pecking-order” that includes long-term debt, retained earnings and equity. One explanation is that China cannot access easily foundational assumptions supporting the Western countries. Besides, negative correlations between profitability and leverage is found to be significant by Tong and Green (2005). Meanwhile, positive correlation is found to be significant between current leverage and past dividends as well as supports the pecking-order hypothesis over trade-off theory in Chinese companies.
Yao-hui and Yuan-lue (2007) employ independent variables which are arranged properties of ordered probit model, so once again the pecking-order theory is appeared to be presented in Chinese companies. Additionally, Ni and Yu (2008) examine if the financial structure of Chinese companies follows a pecking-order that is from debt to equity; especially, when they rise funds to invest firms’ projects, they find no evidence related to Chinese companies follow a pecking-order. Importantly, they indicate that big companies follow a pecking-order whilst small and medium ones do 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com not that lead to suggestion that the Chinese capital market is under development precisely.