1 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES BÙI THỊ HUYỀN QUALIFIERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NOMINAL GROUPS: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON ĐỊNH NGỮ TRONG NHÓM DANH NGỮ ANH VIỆT: SO SÁNH THEO QUAN ĐIỂM CHỨC NĂNG HỆ THỐNG M. THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 HÀ NỘI – 2010 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 2 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES BÙI THỊ HUYỀN QUALIFIERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NOMINAL GROUPS: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON ĐỊNH NGỮ TRONG NHÓM DANH NGỮ ANH VIỆT: SO SÁNH THEO QUAN ĐIỂM CHỨC NĂNG HỆ THỐNG M. THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Prof. Hoàng Văn Vân HÀ NỘI – 2010 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Table of contents iii List of abbreviations v Part 1: INTRODUCTION 1.
Scope of the study 3 4. Significance of the study 3 5. Methods of the study 3 6. Design of the study 4 Part 2: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.
Schools of grammar 5 1. Systemic functional grammar 6 1. Basis syntactical notions 1. Qualifiers 20 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 7 Chapter 2: QUALIFIERS IN THE ENGLISH NOMINAL GROUP 2.
Structure of nominal groups (Functional grammar) 21 2. Elements that act as Qualifiers in English nominal groups 23 2. Non-finite clauses as qualifiers 28 2. Finite clauses as qualifiers 29 2.
Summary 31 Chapter 3: QUALIFIERS IN THE VIETNAMESE NOMINAL GROUP IN COMPARISON WITH QUALIFIERS IN THE ENGLISH NOMINAL GROUP 3. Comparison of words as qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups 32 3. Comparison of phrases as qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups 3. Comparison of prepositional phrases 33 3.
Comparison of adjectival phrases 35 3. Comparison of adverbial phrases 36 3. Comparison of clauses as qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups 3. Comparison of finite relative clauses 37 3.
Comparison of non-finite relative clauses 39 3. Summary 41 Part 3: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 43 Bibliography 46 Sources of Data 48 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SFC Systemic functional grammar FG Functional grammar S Subject V Verb O Object C Complement A Adverb Det / d Determiner m Modifier h Head q Qualifier pro. Process F Finite P Predicate Prep. Preposition RP Relative pronoun Cir.
Participant NG (s) Nominal group(s) VG Verb group TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 9 Part 1: INTRODUCTION 1. RATIONALE Used to distinguish between human beings and other creatures, languages can be the most wonderful thing in this world. Along with the development of our society, languages were born so many that actually we do not know how many languages are still being used and have existed up to now. Each language has its own history and appears in a specific period.
It reflects relatively clearly the society, the economy, the culture of a country. We have achieved a lot of accomplishments in the field of biology, information technology, astronomy and other fields, including linguistics. In the late 19th and the early years of the 20th century, English colonies spread over many continents. Therefore, it is unavoidable that English has been a dominant language since then.
All most of newspapers, magazines, radios, TV broadcasts use English as a main language. And we may not know when it was considered as an international language in meetings, dialogues, conferences, etc. In Vietnam, English is a compulsory subject in secondary, high schools and in universities as well. Teachers of English worldwide in general, Vietnamese teachers of English and learners in particular always think of how to teach and learn English with easier ways.
We teach and learn English to fulfill the language function of communication. It is argued that when we say a person has learned a new language we mean that he has learned its sound system (understanding speech and speaking well), learned to use its grammar, and learned at least a limited vocabulary. Over the two centuries, English grammar has been viewed by many scholars with different schools, such as: traditional grammar, structural grammar, transformational generative grammar and systemic functional grammar. Each of those schools has its own ideas, but in whatever way the term “grammar” is used to indicate syntax in a narrow sense or morphonology and syntax or, in the broadest sense, to include phonology, syntax and semantics, syntax is always the core of the grammar of a language.
While traditional, structural and generative grammars pay so much attention to the formal aspect of language, functional grammar is one whose conceptual framework on which the grammar is based is a functional rather than a formal one. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 10 Nominal group isn‟t seen as a new issue in syntax and in linguistics in general. In the old and new grammar books, the description of nominal group has been relatively occupied. In traditional grammar, the structure of nominal group consists of three components: the head, the premodification and the post-modification.
However, according to M.K Halliday and other linguists of the Hallidayan tradition, nominal groups can be seen in the overall relation of semantics (functional) and structure. Halliday gave not only the structure of the head, the modifier and the qualifier, but also the ideational (clause as representation), the interpersonal (clause as exchange) and the textual (clause as message). Some Vietnamese researchers have considered the matter of nominal group‟s structure in the terms of traditional grammar and functional grammar. An analysis of nominal groups in English and Vietnamese in light of systemic-functional grammar made by Cu Thanh Nghi (2004) is an example.
In his research, he gave how semantic relations between constituents of the nominal group are diversified and particularized in English and Vietnamese, and how these semantic relations could be explained from the representational points of views. The other one was carried out by Cao Thi Phuong (1998): clauses of nominal status. In light of traditional grammar, she found out the features and classifications of English nominal clauses, the differences and similarities between nominal clauses in English and Vietnamese. Although the two above researches just view nominal group in general, they do not represent structures of each part in nominal groups in detail.
For this reason, the author of this paper chooses qualifiers (in the light of systemic-functional grammar) as the main issue. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The above – mentioned rationale shows that nominal groups need to be studied in more detail not only in structure but in use as well. The aims of the study are: - To explore the nature of Qualifier and to locate it in the space of the nominal group. - To describe English and Vietnamese nominal groups based on the framework of systemic functional grammar.
- To establish the differences and similarities between qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The research questions mentioned above have already implied that this study focuses only on investigating qualifiers of English nominal groups. The investigation of this aspect of English is conducted in comparison with that in Vietnamese to find out the similarities and differences between them; and from these findings, the investigation will suggest some implications for teaching and learning English in the Vietnamese context.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY To have a deeper understanding of functional grammar in general and nominal groups in particular, and to be aware of the mistakes made by Vietnamese students, the author chooses qualifiers as the main study. The research could serve as a good consolidation of systemic-functional grammar‟s positions about qualifiers in nominal groups, and the representation of English and Vietnamese qualifiers based on functional grammar may be a useful way for teaching and learning nominal groups. Besides this, the research also includes some implications for communicative teaching and learning qualifiers in nominal groups. METHODS OF THE STUDY To achieve the aims above, the study uses descriptive, contrastive and qualitative methods of language research.
Descriptive methods: Theoretical issues are studied. Then they are re-examined to form the theoretical framework for the study. Real-life illustrations along with examples extracted from different kinds of books are also exhibited comprehensively to constitute fully the understanding of the theories and the realization of them. Comparative methods: The English and Vietnamese qualifiers in nominal groups will be made, which is inductive in nature.
Its reliability and validity will be ensured by the descriptive method. Qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups will be compared in terms of position and meaning so as to search out the resembling and the distinctive features of the two languages in this linguistic aspect. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. DESIGN OF THE STUDY The study consists of three parts: part 1: introduction; part 2: development and part 3: conclusion.
Part 1: presents the rationale, the aims, the research questions, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, the methods of the study and the design of the study. Part 2: consists of 3 chapters Chapter 1: provides the theoretical background for the study. It includes an overview of schools of grammar (tradition and systemic function), some basic syntactical notions (words, phrases and clauses), nominal groups in English and qualifiers. Chapter 2 is concerned with qualifiers in English nominal groups.
This chapter exhibits the analysis of English words, phrases, and clauses as qualifiers. Chapter 3 deals with qualifiers in Vietnamese nominal groups. The chapter will also provide the analysis of Vietnamese words, phrases, and clauses as qualifiers and then is the comparison of English and Vietnamese qualifiers. Part 3: summarizes the major findings, provides concluding remarks, gives the implications of functional grammar in teaching and learning English and makes some suggestions for further study.
TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 13 Part 2: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1. Schools of grammar “Within linguistics, „grammar‟ is normally used in a narrow technical sense to distinguish it chiefly from phonology and semantics” Palmer (1984) “Grammar deals with language forms and meanings and the way they are interconnected” Jacobs (1995) Grammar has been studied by many linguists and grammarians from different schools. To have a better understanding of different schools of grammar, due to the limit of pace and time, this chapter will present the two major schools of grammar (traditional and functional grammars). Traditional grammar Traditional grammars is a theory of the structure of language based on ideas Western societies inherited from ancient Greek and Roman sources.
It is not a unified theory that attempts to explain the structure of all languages with a unique set of concepts (as is the aim of linguistics). There are different traditions for different languages, each with its own traditional vocabulary and analysis. In the case of European languages, each of them represents an adaptation of Latin grammar to a particular language. Developed in the eighteenth century, traditional grammars bore the following characteristics which were summarized by Aitchison (1991).
First, the traditional grammars are prescriptive, logical rather than descriptive. Secondly, they prescribe rules of „correctness‟ in the sense of absolute and unchanging „correctness‟. Thirdly, they regard written language as primary, thus traditional grammarians have overstressed the importance of the written word. Finally, they force language into a Latin-based framework, assuming that Latin provided a universal framework into which all languages fit.
TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 14 The traditional grammars have contributed much to the study of language. Theoretical concepts (nouns, clause words, interrogatives, inflexions, auxiliary verbs, subjects, objects and so on) have been introduced and are still widely found in many text books nowadays. However, traditional grammar is characterized by a general lack of precision and a lack of explicitness. Produced rules relied heavily on the reader‟s ability to generalize and extrapolate from a few examples, which is far from explicit in their approach.