UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO ERASMUS UNVERSITY ROTTERDAM CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DETERMINANTS OF FIRM EXIT IN VIETNAM BY TRAN THI LAM MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, MAY 2017 Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DETERMINANTS OF FIRM EXIT IN VIETNAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By TRAN THI LAM Academic Supervisor: DR. TRUONG DANG THUY HO CHI MINH CITY, MAY 2017 Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. 2 LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES. Scope of research.
7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Firm exit behavior .2 Determinants of the decision to exit. Review of empirical studies on firm survival/exit. Approaches of analyzing firm exit and survival.
Emprical analyses of firm survival .3 Emprical analyses of firm Exit. 20 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Conceptual framework and the econometric model. The econometric model.
Data and variables. 27 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULT. Results of random-effect logistic regressions………………………………………. 41 Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….
Thesis limitations and suggestion for further researches. 56 Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. TRUONG DANG THUY for his enthusiastic assistance. He has not only several insightful comments based on his immense knowledge helps me to solve all my problems, but also encourages me to finish my thesis.
I would like to express my thanks to my friends in MDE class 19, and 20, especially Duy Chinh (class 19), Do Luat (class 20), Duy Lap (class 20), Nguyen Thai Duong (class 20) and one special friend who have given their limited time to help me solved the difficulties in the process. I also would like to send love to my family and my close friends for always being beside me, spiritually encouraging me and letting me know that I am not alone in all difficult situations. Finally, my special thanks also to my husband and my baby who help me to have a strong motivation to finish my thesis. 1|Page Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT This paper examines the determinants of firm exit in Vietnam using SME data from 2005 to 2011.
Using panel data from 10 provinces and cities in Vietnam and applying the logistic regression method, this study finds that total asset and leverage have positive impacts on firm exit while the size, age, investment and total gross profit negatively affect firm exit. Keywords: Small and medium enterprise, total asset, firm exit, firm size, firm age, debt leverage, investment, total gross profit, random effects logistic regression. 2|Page Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES Figure 1.1: Number of registered enterprises and stop business over period 2007-2015 Figure 3.1: Conceptual framework Table 3.1: List of surveyed province/city Table 3.2: Descriptive variables Table 4.1: Descriptive Statistic Table 4.2: The number of survey exit firms in each city/province Table 4.3: Overview of firm exit in Viet Nam Table 4.4: Firm exit in province/city Table 4.5 A comparison between Firm non-exit and Firm exit in term of variables Table 4.6: Covariance matrix Table 4.7: VIF index Table 4.8 Results of three Random – effect logistic regressions Table 4.9 Marginal effect results 3|Page Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Problem Statement The stable development and growth of firms are key factors what influence directly the socioeconomic development.
On the other hand, firm’s activities affect almost all respects of economy and society such as rate of unemployment, national budget, activity of trade, and other macroeconomic indicators. The role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in economic growth has been recognized through many studies in the world recently. An article by Joshua and Quartey (2010) describes that SMEs play important roles to an economic development as creating efficient and productive jobs, the seeds of large corporations and the fuel maintaining the national machine. In advanced economies, the number of firms in the SME sector, which has substantial labors, is larger than the multinational one (Mullineux, 1997).
In addition, Feeney and Riding (1997) reveal that governments in most countries have conducted several policies to encourage the development of SMEs. Whereas, the growth of SMEs promotes the process of redistribution of both inter and intra- regional division of the firm and they also become a countervailing force again the influence of large-scale corporations. There is approximately 91% of the enterprises is Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa (Hassbroeck 1996, Berry et al. They create about 61% jobs for labor source and also represent for 52%- 57% of GDP (CSS 1998, Ntsika 1999, Gumede 2000, Berry et al.
In additional, Small and medium enterprises also account over 90% of the private business sector and play a crucial role in contributing GDP in most African countries (UNIDO 1999). Viet Nam has changed from a centralized planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy after “Đổi Mới” reform period since mid-1980. Undergoing a period of formation and development, the Vietnam economy continues to grow and get many substantial achievements. A private ownership sector contributes a vital role for Vietnam economic growth.
According to Vietnam General Statistics Office, Vietnam attains around 7% GDP growth over the period 2000 to 2005 and continues to grow at 7.01 percent from 2005 to 2010. The process of developing keeps in stable until now, especially SMEs sector. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have an essential role to play in motivating growth, generating jobs and contributing to poverty reduction. The 4|Page Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com contribution of SMEs is a major tax resource for Vietnam budget annually.
Furthermore, according to the report of the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI), we have 543,963 enterprises in 2011, about nearly 513,000 enterprises in 2015, but there is nearly 97 percent of small and medium firm, mainly private businesses. The important role of SME is increasing thanks to not only contributing significantly to the Gross domestic product (GDP), reducing poverty, enhancing security society, but also creating more than one million new jobs per year. According to Ministry of Science and Technology, there are 692 thousand enterprises registered business in the period 2007 – 2015. However, there are too many enterprises not enough power to survive in globalized market and international integration and move out of market every year.
According to General Statistics Office of Vietnam, more and more firms exit and stop activity in annual reports (2015: 80,900 firms; 2014: 67,800 firms; 2013: 70,500 firms and 2012: 63,500 firms).1 shows that the number of firms that ceased operations is increasing in the recent years.000,00 Registration of operations 40.1: Number of registered enterprises and stop business over period 2007-2015 (Source: Administrative Department of Business Registration - Ministry of Science and Technology) Therefore, this is a crucial problem requires a reaction from government official and policy makers to decrease the number of firm stopping business every year. 5|Page Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com In recently, the determinant impacts the ratio of birth - death enterprises and issue of firm survival in the developed countries have been attracting a lot of attention of scholars around the world (Parker 2004, Strotmann 2006). In addition, the issue about entrepreneurial activities, which has mentioned in empirical literatures recently, is a crucial factor affects to speed of economic progress (Stel et al. Some empirical studies focus on relationship between characteristics of firm, policy, an environment, the process of international trade liberalization and rate of firm exit.
Most of studies focus on the topic of firm exit is conducted at the firm or industry level (Hannan and Carroll 1992, Sarkar et al. They study on effect of the determinants on exit probability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Many other empirical studies also reveal that the perseverance of small firms has an important role in economic development in a context of increasing import competition from low-cost nations (Colantone et al. However, in both the theoretical and practical sides, most of the articles are empirically carried out on foreign firms in developed countries and studies about survival of enterprise are less mention in developing countries (Parker 2004).
There are a few researches studied directly on exit issue in developing countries, especially in Viet Nam. Thus, from the obtained results of this research will contribute to understand deeply about the determinants influence on firm exit in Viet Nam as practical part. They can make policies priority and influence debates on firm’s activity to reduce firm exit. Research objectives The main objective of this study is to identify factors influence on the decision of firm exit.
Using the SME data from 2005 to 2011, this study applies a logit model with the decision to exit as the dependent variable and total asset, firm age, total gross profit, firm size, investment and debt leverage as explanatory variables. Research questions This research examines how the determinants affect the exit probability of Small and Medium Enterprise in Vietnam. To identify and understand the dimension clearly, the research is developed based on following questions: What factors influence probability of firm exit? 6|Page Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Scope of research The study will examine the relationship between firm exit and related determinants using the panel data of 2005-2011.
This is a full-scale survey covering small and medium-scale enterprises in Viet Nam (SMEs) in the rural and urban area of Vietnam and conducted by collaboration between the Institute of Labour Studies and Social Affairs (ILSSA) in the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) and Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen with funding from DANIDA in the period from 2005 to 2011. To collect data by choosing the key questions in the main questionnaire for every surveyed year, we have the panel data to run the logistic model. 7|Page Non-VIB TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Firm exit behavior Understanding increasingly about exit behavior and reasons for exit out market help managers making a comfortable decision for their survival and increasing their evaluation efficiency with insights into the reasons for the failure of a product (Witteloostuijn 1998, Sheppard 1994, Dixit et al.
In addition, thanks to the exit process, the manager can learn about their actual essential productivity levels (Yang and Temple 2012). Because of the significant importance of exit decision, we are necessary to consider the reasons why firm decided to exit which help me understanding about the decision and its possible drivers forced firm to exit. The firm decides to either survive or decline and exit depends in many respects and their evaluation and expectation. According to Jovanovic (1982), firm’s productivity is a key determinant which manager bases on to decide whether to start up a new company or exit the market.
Harada (2007) produces the main reasons for exit of small firm in Japan. Among these reasons, despairing perception for further business accounts for 38%, followed by aging of the manager (20%) and the injury or sickness of the manager (15%). He presents more detail about despairing perception of further business which indicated through the reduction of sales (71%) and having a deficit (only 9%). Therefore, the diminution in sale plays an important role.
He supposes that exit also sometimes happens because owner desires to have an easier life or to take a position doing work or to begin a new business.