VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES ----------------**0**---------------- LÝ QUỲNH TRANG AN INVESTIGATION INTO HOW TO USE LINKING WORDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEAKING AND WRITING SKILLS FOR THE IELTS EXAMINATION (Nghiên cứu về việc sử dụng từ nối trong việc phát triển kỹ năng nói và viết phục vụ loại hình thi IELTS) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field:English Linguistics Code: 60.15 HANOI - 2010 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST - GRADUATE STUDIES. ----------------**0**---------------- LÝ QUỲNH TRANG AN INVESTIGATION INTO HOW TO USE LINKING WORDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEAKING AND WRITING SKILLS FOR THE IELTS EXAMINATION (Nghiên cứu về việc sử dụng từ nối trong việc phát triển kỹ năng nói và viết phục vụ loại hình thi IELTS) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.Võ Đại Quang HANOI - 2010 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE.
i CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. viii LIST OF TABLES.
ix LIST OF FIGURES. Aims of the study. Scope of the study. Significance of the study.
Design of the study. 6 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .1 Text versus Discourse .2 Cohesion versus coherence .2 Types of cohesion. 12 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.1 The notion of linking words .2 Types of linking words .3 Conjuncts and Conjunctions .4 Semantic categories of linking words .1 General Information of IELTS .2 IELTS writing test and writing assessment criteria .3 IELTS speaking test and speaking assessment criteria. 26 CHAPTER 2: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS .1 Frequency of linking words in IELTS Speaking and Writing .2 Distribution of semantic categories.
34 CHAPTER 3: PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS .1 In terms of coherence and cohesion in IELTS writing .2 In terms of fluency and coherence in IELTS speaking. Speaking Sample Answers. I TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Writing Task 1 Sample Answer.
Writing Task 2 Sample Answer. XIX TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EAP: English for Academic Purpose ESL: English as Second Language IDP: International Development Program IELTS: International English Language Testing System P-E-E: Point – Explanation - Examples T1: Task 1 T2: Task 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Semantic categories codes of Linking words. 6 Table 2: Enumerative Linking Words. 16 Table 3: Additional Linking Words.
16 Table 4: Transitional Linking Words. 17 Table 5: Summation Linking Words. 18 Table 6: Appositive Linking Words. 18 Table 7: Cause and Result Linking Words.
19 Table 8: Inferential Linking Words. 19 Table 9: Contrasting Linking Words. 21 Table 10: IELTS Speaking Format. 24 Table 11: Frequency of linking words.
27 Table 12: Semantic categories Distribution in T1. 29 Table 13: Semantic categories Distribution in T2. 31 Table 14: Semantic categories Distribution in Speaking. 34 Table 15: Cautious Language.
42 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Pattern of Cautious Language Usage. 43 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Rationale Language is functioned as means to maintain and set up social relations; people in all circumstances get involved in expressing their feeling, attitudes and opinions. Therefore, nowadays, when globalization is a worldwide tendency and especially after Vietnam joined WTO, Vietnamese find English - the international language more important and necessary to learn than ever before.
Over the decades, there have been a growing number of English learners wishing to study at tertiary level in English speaking countries. As a result, many English as Second Language (ESL) students are enrolled in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses which provide the opportunity to acquire essential skills for their prospective studies in English-medium universities (i., courses taught in English at universities in Anglophone or non-Anglophone countries). Besides acquiring academic skills, EAP courses have other aims, such as to support non-native English speaker students to go through English language tests such as the International English Language Testing Systems (IELTS), which is widely recognized as a language requirement for entering universities mainly in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand and many other countries around the world. Academic essay-writing and speaking are two of the four skills which international students must acquire both for their prospective studies in English-mediated university courses and for obtaining the requiring score in the writing and speaking section of the IELTS.
Linking words are crucial in writing and speaking in that they help readers / listeners recognize the relationships between ideas and follow the thread of messages that the writer wants to convey. By connecting individual clauses, sentences and paragraphs into a single theme, linking words make obvious and visible the writers / speakers‘ ―line of thought‖. However, during my process of teaching IELTS for my students, I come to realize that the students lack the adequate linguistic knowledge to convey their ideas when writing or speaking and they have difficulties in choosing a link word that appropriately expressess the logical relations between ideas and thus the whole message of their text is vague, unlogical and incoherent. As a result, this obstacle affect their IELTS band score and limit their opportunities of further study.
TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 2 Apart from things mentioned above, it is the fact that a lot of researches have been conducted on linguistics and discourse analysis, yet few of them are in reference to IELTS or linking words. Also, on the way to master English, students even haven‘t made enough effort or spent sufficient time comprehend the use of linking words. Concequently, these two sections should deserve more attention to be studied and discussed because of the great importance of lingking words and the increasing popularity of IELTS in Vietnam. İn conclusion, from all the considered reasons, I find it necessary and useful to carry out a study on linking words and their application in IELTS writing and speaking.
İ do hope that English learners and I myself would be more clear about the use of link words to express our ieads correctly and effectively. Aims of the study This study is targeted at presenting an investigation in the use of linking words in IELTS writing and speaking. İt attempts: - to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of cohesion and linking words as one type of cohesive device. - to compare the frequencies of different semantic categories of linking words occurrences in IELTS writing task 1, IELTS writing Task 2 and IELTS speaking task with a view to clarifying the typical categories for each task.
- to suggest some implications for teaching and learning linking words in order to express our ideas precisely and comprehensibly as well as to improve students‘ IELTS band score. Scope of the study Within the limited time and knowledge, it is not my ambition to mention all issues of discourse analysis. The study is mainly focused on the use of linking words as one type of cohesive device at clausal and sentence levels in the two skills tested in IELTS academic module: writing and speaking within seven main categories in 15 sample answers, that is: Listing, Transition, Summation, Apposition, Cause / Result, Inference and Contrasting. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 3 Finally, the study will not try to propose all possible solutions to cohesion teaching and learning but only suggest some implication which is expected to help English users in general and IELTS examinees employ linking words more precisely and effectively.
Significance of the study In terms of theoretical significance, the study brings with it the task to verify the correctness and significance if linguistic theory by working on IELTS speaking and writing samples. It is hoped to improve the existing ideas on linking words to satisfy the individuals‘ questions. İn terms of practical significance, this research gives out some applications such as combining linguitis theory and practice in analyzing English spoken and written discourse of IELTS. İn addition, the study suggest some implication for English teachers and learners to gain effective use of linking words in expressing ideas and then they would be able to raise their IELTS band score as well as their English competence.1 Approaches So as to achieve the objectives of the study, we have to follow both qualitative and quantitative approaches, which are strategic methods in the study.
However, quantitative approach is exploited most of the time to search for the frequency of linking words occurrence and their semantic categories distribution in the two skills IELTS speaking and writing. Qualitative study is also useful for us to work out if there are links among clauses and sentences in IELTS speaking and writing answers, and how we can apply the discourse analysis of linking words in 15 samples to improve the IELTS writing and speaking cohesive and coherence band score. The research questions explored in this study are as follows: 1. What are the occurrence frequencies of linking words in IELTS Speaking and Writing? Is there any difference between speaking and writing T1 and T2? 2.
What are the most common semantic categories of linking words used in writing T1 and T2 and speaking? 3. What are the possible implications of the study? TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.1 Techniques To accomplish this thesis, we will, firstly, go through a number of materials on discourse analysis and grammar to build up the theoretical background for the research. The study takes the theory of discourse analysis as a base on which the most noticeable cohesive devices of IELTS writing and speaking samples are examined. Then, the paper will be based on reviewing IELTS Preparation and Practice materials in order to collect and classify linking words for description, analysis and induction.
Besides, the tackling methods are statistic (getting the statistics from IELTS speaking and writing samples); analytical (examining in detail the statistics and also analyzing the data obtained) and synthetical (drawing striking features from the analysis). Also, we apply inductive reasoning to move from less general to more general statements. That is from typical examples of the use of linking words in IELTS samples, we process and analyze these data and then draw out pedagogical implications for English teachers and learners.2 Data collection Population is all members of any well-defined class of people, events or objects. On the other hand, it is the large group from which the generalization is made as a number of people who has at least the same characteristic.
The population of this study is all IELTS writing and Speaking sample answers in effective and popular series for IELTS Preparation and Practice which include Cambridge Practice Tests for IELTS 1-7, KAPLAN IELTS, 101 Hints for IELTS, 202 Hints for IELTS, IELTS Practice Tests 1 -2, IELTS Test Builder 1-2, New Insight into IELTS, IELTS Graduation, Focusing on IELTS speaking and listening; Writing and Reading. A sample is a portion of population that is observed. The sample of this study is 15 sample answers (five writing task 1 answers, five task 2 answers and five speaking answers) which are chosen on linking words employment basis, that is to say, I extract the answers whose occurrence of linking words is of high frequency and these samples have to be model answers written by IELTS examiners or candidates who achieved IELTS band score 7 and TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Therefore, the technique applied here is purposive random sampling.
According to Wiersma (1991:265) ―purposive sampling is the selection conducted based on the characteristics of the units (sites or individual) relevant to the research problems‖. 15 IELTS written and spoken discourses are picked out based on the samples choosing method mentioned above. Moreover, for IELTS writing, there are two tasks: Task 1 and Task 2 and each task have different types of questions so the samples chosen should also ensure this diversity.