DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE GRAMMAR – WHICH IS THE CHOICE OF VIETNAMESE EFL TEACHERS? BY LAM HOANG PHUC B., HCMC UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION,VIETNAM A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS (TESOL) DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS BENEDICTINE UNIVERSITY LISLE, ILLINOIS, USA JUNE, 2019 ABSTRACT This research study focused on the issue of deductive versus inductive approaches in grammar instruction. While many previous studies tried to compare the effectiveness of these two types of grammar teaching approaches, few examined the factors that can affect the choice of these approaches. Therefore, the present study aimed to fill this research gap by investigating Vietnamese EFL teachers’ choice of deductive or inductive grammar teaching approaches and whether or not their choice is influenced by the three grammar teaching factors: (1) structures’ complexity, (2) learners’ proficiency level, and (3) learners’ age. The present study employed survey research design, utilizing a questionnaire containing both close-ended and open-ended questions.
34 Vietnamese EFL teachers working for a private English center took part in the survey, which was implemented online through the Google Forms platform. Quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics in the form of percentages and inferential statistical analysis in the form of chi-square tests, while qualitative data were analyzed through qualitative coding. The results of data analysis showed that the Vietnamese EFL teachers in the study preferred inductive approaches to deductive approaches and the teaching factors examined all had significant impacts on the teachers’ choice with learners’ age being the most influential, followed by learners’ proficiency level and structures’ complexity respectively. The results of the study offer a fresh view on the topic of deductive versus inductive grammar teaching; in addition, these results can act as a source of reference for new and inexperienced Vietnamese EFL teachers.
ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my dearest family – my greatest source of support and encouragement, and to K. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all of the professors from Benedictine University and the University of Social Sciences and Humanities who guided me through my M. Sandra Kies, Dr. Olga Lambert, Dr.
Le Hoang Dung, Dr. Le Nguyen Minh Tho, Dr. Pho Phuong Dung, and Dr. Nguyen Thi Hong Tham.
Their enthusiasm gave birth to my desire to pursuit academic study, and their immense knowledge has enlightened me, enabling me to complete this thesis. My thanks also go to Ms. Ha Minh Thu and the staff of the Center for International Education of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities. Their tireless work ensured that my M.
course proceeds smoothly without any unwanted incidents. I would also like to extend my gratitude to all of the people who helped me during the data collection and analysis stages of my study: the director of the language institute where my study took place, the teachers who participated in my study, and the experts who aided me in the processes of questionnaire design and data coding. Their selfless support helped to build the foundation for my study. Finally, my most special thanks go to my family, who were always beside me throughout my M.
Without their love and financial support, it would not have been possible for me to complete this long journey. From the bottom of my heart, thank you all. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. v TABLE OF CONTENTS.
vi LIST OF TABLES. ix LIST OF FIGURES .1 Grammar and Grammar Teaching .2 Deductive and Inductive Grammar Teaching .3 Aims of the Study .4 Organization of the Thesis. 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .1 Grammar and the Importance of Grammar.2 The Necessity of Grammar Teaching .3 Deductive and Inductive Approaches to Grammar Teaching.4 Research Aims and Questions .1 Summary of Research Aims and Questions.2 Research Methods and Theoretical Justification .1 Summary of Research Aims, Questions, and Methodology .2 Methods for Data Analysis .3 Participants’ Overall Preferences for Teaching Approaches .4 Relationships between Teaching Factors and Participants’ Choice of Approaches .1 Relationship between Structures’ Complexity and Choice of Approaches .2 Relationship between Learners’ Proficiency Level and Choice of Approaches .3 Relationship between Learners’ Age and Choice of Approaches .5 Comparisons between the Impacts of Teaching Factors.1 Comparison between the Impacts of Structures’ Complexity and Learners’ Proficiency Level.2 Comparison between the Impacts of Structures’ Complexity and Learners’ Age.3 Comparison between the Impacts of Learners’ Proficiency Level and Learners’ Age.1 Summary of Research Aims, Questions, and Methodology .2 Participants’ Overall Preferences for Teaching Approaches .3 Relationships between Teaching Factors and Participants’ Choice of Approaches .1 Relationship between Structures’ Complexity and Choice of Approaches .2 Relationship between Learners’ Proficiency Level and Choice of Approaches .3 Relationship between Learners’ Age and Choice of Approaches .4 Comparisons between the Impacts of Teaching Factors.1 Summary of the Present Study.2 Limitations of the Present Study.3 Recommendations for Future Research. 57 APPENDIX A: The Present Study’s Consent Form.
63 APPENDIX B: The Present Study’s Questionnaire. 64 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Distribution of Participants According to Age .2: Distribution of Participants According to Years of Experience .1: Participants’ Choice for Deductive and Inductive Approaches .2: Participants’ Choice of Approaches for Structures of Different Complexity Levels .3: Participants’ Choice of Approaches for Learners of Different Proficiency Levels .4: Participants’ Choice of Approaches for Learners of Different Age Groups.5: Participants’ Choice of Approaches When Teaching Reported Speech (Y-N question) to Learners of Different Proficiency Levels .6: Participants’ Choice of Approaches When Teaching Reported Speech (Y-N question) to Learners of Different Age Groups.7: Participants’ Choice of Approaches When Teaching Intermediate Learners of Different Age Groups. 40 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Example of Questionnaire Questions. 26 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In this very first chapter, the subject matter of the present study will be introduced and the rationale as to why the chosen subject is significant to study will also be provided.
In addition, this chapter will present the gap in previous literature regarding the subject matter that the present study set out to fill as well as the aims of the study. The chapter concludes with a very brief summary of the content of the following chapters.1 Grammar and Grammar Teaching Grammar has always been an important if not inseparable part of English language teaching and learning. Grammar instruction is present in almost every English language teaching coursebook. For example, the Family and Friends series by Simmons, Thompson, and Quintana (2010), which was published by Oxford University Press and aimed at young and beginner learners of English, has grammar instruction in each learning unit.
Another example is Collins’ series of IELTS examination preparation, which includes a whole volume – Grammar for IELTS by Aish and Tomlinson (2012) – dedicated to the teaching of grammatical rules and structures normally encountered and used in the IELTS exam. Even oral communication-oriented coursebooks such as the Breakthrough Plus series by Craven (2013), which was published by Macmillan Education, has explicit grammar instruction within the main books. These examples help to provide a clear illustration of the prevalence of grammar in English language teaching and learning. 1 On a more academic note, it seems that scholars and researchers within the field of language teaching and learning all agree on the vital role of grammar as a useful tool that can stimulate learners’ language development.
Besides providing a means for language learners to generate original sentences (Thornbury, 1999), the knowledge of grammar can help enhance learners’ communicative competence, especially in written communication (Larsen-Freeman, 2001; Thornbury, 1999; Widodo, 2006). Seeing the great importance of grammar to language learners, one would normally think that grammar teaching is a must in the language classroom. However, in actuality, verdicts on the necessity of grammar instruction are less unanimous than those on the role of grammar in language learning. There have been some notions that are against grammar instruction, one of which is Krashen’s.
He hypothesized that attention to forms is irrelevant to learners’ acquisition of a second language (Krashen, 1981). Krashen’s notion is also supported by some scholars in cognitive linguistics such as Schwartz and Gubala-Ryzak (1992), Schwartz (1993), and Zobl (1995). However, it should be noted that the arguments against grammar instruction are without the backing of strong empirical evidence. Some other scholars and researchers believe that grammar instruction is beneficial to language learners.
Explicit instruction is seen as a suitable approach for the acquisition of grammatical structures and rules (Ellis, 2001; Nassaji & Fotos, 2004; Skehan, 1998). In addition, attention to forms can facilitate language learning (Doughty, 2001). Research has also shown that explicit grammar instruction leads to greater learning gains (Doughty, 1991; Fotos, 1993; Lightbown & Spada, 1990; Nassaji & Swain, 2000; Tamega- Helmantel, Arends, & Canrinus, 2014), which further supports the notion that grammar instruction is important and should not be discarded. 2 We can see from the above information that although there have been arguments against the necessity of grammar instruction, evidence from previous research studies and the fact that grammar lessons are a common practice in the language classroom as well as in many language learning coursebooks indicate that grammar instruction plays a vital role in language teaching and learning.
Therefore, it can be said that grammar instruction is a research topic that is worthy of investigation.2 Deductive and Inductive Grammar Teaching Within the topic of grammar instruction, there are controversies as to how grammar lessons should be carried out, especially the one concerning whether deductive or inductive grammar teaching approaches should be used. Regarding the differences between these two types of approaches, the most important factor that distinguishes the two is the way in which grammatical structures and rules are treated; grammar teaching methods that involve the explanation of grammatical structures and rules followed by examples are placed within deductive approaches, whereas inductive approaches consist of methods that encourage students to guess structures and rules from provided examples (DeKeyser, 1995; Jean & Simard, 2013; Thornbury, 1999). There have been numerous research studies that aimed to answer the question of which type of approach is more effective, but so far a conclusive answer has yet to be reached as the findings yielded from these studies are varied. While some studies found that deductive grammar teaching approaches lead to greater learning gains (Erlam, 2003; Robinson, 1996), the results of some other studies are in favor of inductive approaches (Montazeran, Asadi, & Maghsoudi, 2014; Rokni, 2009; Vogel, Herron, Cole, & York, 2011).
3 Seeing such variety in the findings of these studies, some scholars such as Ellis (2006) have suggested changing the direction of deductive versus inductive approaches research from simply gauging the effectiveness of these two types of grammar teaching approaches through quasi-experimental studies to investigating the factors that can have influences on which type of approach to use, thus finding out which type works best in which teaching situation. Some suggestions have been given as to what these factors are: (1) the complexity of target grammatical structures (Fischer, 1979; Jean & Simard, 2013), (2) learners’ age (Jean & Simard, 2013), (3) learners’ language proficiency level (Jean & Simard, 2013), (4) learners’ aptitude for analyzing grammatical structures (Ellis, 2006), and (5) learners’ preferred learning styles (Ellis, 2008). So far, there has been relatively little research that examines these factors, at least to my knowledge. It is likely that further research into this matter will provide valuable insights into the effects of these factors on the choice of grammar teaching approaches, thus enabling us to have a deeper understanding of the issue of deductive versus inductive approaches.3 Aims of the Study Seeing the importance of having more research into the factors that can influence the choice of deductive or inductive grammar teaching approaches, the present study aimed to investigate the possible relationships between the five factors that were mentioned above and EFL teachers’ choice of deductive or inductive teaching approaches.