VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ LIÊN A STUDY ON STUDENTS’ LINGUISTIC DIFFICULTIES IN TOEFL IBT ESSAY WRITING AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS (NGHIÊN CỨU NHỮNG KHÓ KHĂN VỀ MẶT NGÔN NGỮ CỦA HỌC SINH KHI VIẾT BÀI LUẬN TOEFL IBT VÀ NHỮNG GIẢI PHÁP) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Language Teaching Methodology Code: 6014.0111 Hanoi, 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ LIÊN A STUDY ON STUDENTS’ LINGUISTIC DIFFICULTIES IN TOEFL IBT ESSAY WRITING AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS (NGHIÊN CỨU NHỮNG KHÓ KHĂN VỀ MẶT NGÔN NGỮ CỦA HỌC SINH KHI VIẾT BÀI LUẬN TOEFL IBT VÀ NHỮNG GIẢI PHÁP) M. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Language Teaching Methodology Code: 6014. Hoàng Văn Vân Hanoi, 2013 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY OF THE THESIS I certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: “A study on students’ linguistic difficulties in TOEFL IBT essay writing and suggested solutions” in terms of Statement for thesis and Field Study Reports in Master’s Programs Issued by the Higher Degree Committee.
Nguyễn Thị Liên October, 2013 i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The current research could not have been completed without the wholehearted support of people who all deserved my deepest gratitude. Firstly, I want to show my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Hoang Van Van, my supervisor, for his encouraging this research and giving helpful comments on earlier drafts of this thesis. I would also like to thank 88 TOEFL IBT learners at EQuest center for their enthusiasm for responding to the questionnaires and answering the interview. Finally, my thank is due to my family, and in particular my two younger brothers, for their logistical and technical support.
Any remaining flaws concerning this research are merely mine. ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT TOEFL IBT is becoming a prerequisite for students’ studying abroad in recent years. How to get high scores on TOEFL IBT is a much-discussed topic among test-takers and educators alike. Among four skills – speaking, listening, reading, and writing, the last serves as the most challenging skill according to many students.
Composing a TOEFL IBT essay poses many difficulties for both experienced and inexperienced learners. The principal aim of this study, basing mainly on survey questionnaire and interview, is to find out common problems encountered by EQuest learners in TOEFL IBT Writing and simultaneously to investigate ways to solve these problems. Data were gathered from 88 TOEFL IBT learners at EQuest center over a four-week period. The data obtained from the questionnaire, augmented by interview suggest that (i) considerable linguistic difficulties faced by EQuest learners in TOEFL IBT essay writing task 1 involve expression, word choice, spelling, taking notes and how to relate the ideas from reading passage with those of listening passage; (ii) linguistic difficulties faced by EQuest learners in TOEFL IBT essay writing task 2 are brainstorming, word choice, academic vocabulary, language formality, expression, sentence structure, and spelling; (iii) some preferred suggested solutions to these above problems are providing writing templates, checking ideas for students before writing, giving in-class feedback, teaching extra vocabulary, and supply students with further listening and reading exercises to practice note taking skills (exclusively for TOEFL IBT task 1).
Basing on the findings of the research, some practical suggestions for TOEFL IBT learners and teachers are put forward. The study, to some extent, hopefully contributes a small part to the realm of teaching and learning TOEFL IBT in general and at EQuest in particular. iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Learners’ background information Figure 2.
Reasons for learners’ taking TOEFL IBT course Figure 3. Learners’ experience in learning English Figure 4. Learners’ experience in learning TOEFL IBT Figure 5. Learners’ opinions of writing skill Figure 6.
Learners’ attitudes towards TOEFL IBT writing skill Figure 7. Number of essays that learners compose per week Figure 8. Learners’ linguistic difficulties in TOEFL IBT writing task 1 Figure 9. Correlation between learners’ levels and their possibilities of encountering difficulties in taking notes, paraphrasing, and relating points of reading to those of listening Figure 10.
Learners’ linguistic difficulties in TOEFL IBT writing task 2 Figure 11. Correlation between learners’ levels and their possibilities of encountering difficulties with word choice, expression, and academic vocabulary Figure 12. Correlation between frequency in which learners compose essays per week and their possibilities of encountering difficulties in brainstorming ideas Figure 13. Suggested solutions to improve learners’ TOEFL IBT essay writing iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.
ii List of figures.iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Statement of the problem and rationale for the study. Aims and research questions. Significance of the study.
Scope of the study.3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Definition of writing. Approaches to teaching writing. Writing academic essay.
TOEFL IBT test. Insight into TOEFL IBT test. Insight into TOEFL IBT writing section. Format of TOEFL IBT writing section.
Scoring standards and scoring rubrics of TOEFL IBT writing section. Earlier studies on academic writing. Context of the study. Selection of the subjects.
Procedures of data collection.19 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Procedures of data analysis.20 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Data analysis and discussion.1 General information about learners. Students’ linguistic difficulties in TOEFL IBT essay writing.
Suggested solutions for improving students’ TOEFL IBT essay writing. Summary of findings. Suggestions for further research.I APPENDIX 1: TOEFL IBT WRITING QUESTION TYPES APPENDIX 2: PARTICIPANT INFORMATION AND CONSENT FORM APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONNAIRES FOR STUDENTS vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Problem statement and rationale for the study Globalization and economic booming open up a whole new world of opportunities in education.
According to ETS (Educational Testing service, the world’s largest educational testing and assessment organization), TOEFL IBT (Test of English as Foreign Language) score can be viewed as a passport to study abroad. Statistics from ETS in 2013 indicate that more than 9,000 colleges, agencies and other institutions in over 130 countries accept TOEFL scores. For this reason, the youth is trying to get as high TOEFL IBT score as possible to get better impression on their university’s applications, hence, maximize their chances to be accepted into top international colleges, American ones included. However, the road to high TOEFL IBT score is not a broad one for every test-taker.
TOEFL IBT is indeed a tough test; unlike other proficiency tests, TOEFL IBT not only requires learners’ integrated listening-speaking-reading- writing skills but it also involves learners’ computer skills. TOEFL IBT Writing is a compelling example of a big challenge brought by the new generation of TOEFL. As an English instructor majoring in teaching TOEFL IBT at EQuest for more than three years, I empirically realize that TOEFL IBT learners ranging from intermediate to advanced ones have to struggle a lot to write a TOEFL IBT writing essay. Some students think that their main problems lie in time constraint or typing skills while others blame their troubles for lack of vocabulary or ideas.
More seriously, some others are unaware of their weaknesses and unconsciously replicate their writing mistakes. What are real problems experienced by EQuest learners in TOEFL IBT writing? What should be done to improve their writing skills? Those questions are my overriding concerns when teaching TOEFL IBT Writing that spark my interest in carrying out the current research on students’ difficulties in TOEFL IBT essay writing and suggested solutions. 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail. Aims and reasearch questions The study is conducted with the aim of finding out the linguistic difficulties that EQuest learners often experience in TOEFL IBT writing essay.
Added to this, some useful suggested solutions to resolve the problems are studied. The present study is designed to address two following questions: What are linguistic problems encountered by EQuest learners in TOEFL IBT writing essay? What should be done to improve EQuest learners’ TOEFL IBT writing skill? 3. Significane of the study The present study is the author’s great endeavor in investigating learners’ major headaches in TOEFL IBT essay writing and ways to eradicate them. This is hoped to offer both teachers and learners substantial benefits in teaching and preparing for the TOEFL IBT test.
Students will directly benefit from this study in a sense that they will be aware of major challenges posed by TOEFL IBT writing essay, hence will know their ways to avoid or beat off them. As for teachers, by being able to anitipate some awakwardness in their students’ writing, they can adjust their teaching methods appropriatetly according to students’ competence, preferences, and expectations to better help ungrade their students’ writing levels. Moreover, personal boon is also accounted. My main job is teaching TOEFL IBT for those who want to study overseas.
Hopefully, this study would somehow help me in teaching my students in the right way. This research is also expectedly a beneficial reference source to teachers working in the same field feeling the same concern. Scope of the study Because of constrained time and limited knowledge, this study only deals with two following issues: Linguistic problems encountered by EQuest learners in TOEFL IBT writing essay. 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Things should be done to improve EQuest learners’ TOEFL IBT Writing skill.
Organization This chapter is a brief sketch of the study including rationale for the study, aims and research questions, significance and scope of the study. The precise details will be given throughout the rest of the study. Chapter two works on the theoretical background bolstering the issue, followed by a review of three previous researches on the topic. Chapter three outlines the relevant research methods for the study as well as the reasons why these methods are employed.
Participant selection, data collection and data analysis are also included in this chapter. Chapter four is the discussion and findings of the research in which accurate statistical analysis and comprehensive explanation are presented with the aim of giving precise answers to three research questions. Furthermore, pedagogical implications are given in this section. Finally, chapter five summarizes the main findings of the research, exposes some limitations, and puts forward suggestions for further research.
3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.1 Definition of writing Writing has been defined by a number of scholars. Byrne (1988) notes that writing is “the act of forming graphic symbols” such as letters or combination of letters. In this sense, any act of writing producing letters can be viewed as writing. On the contrary, towards the same issue, Tribble (1996) holds a different opinion that writing is “not just a graphic representation of speech, but the development and presentation of thoughts in a structured way”.
In other words, writing involves letter processing and at the same time conveys meaningful messages. This view is backed up by Lannon (1989) when this author claims that writing is “a process of transforming the material discovered by research inspiration, accidents, trial and error, or whatever into a message with a definite meaning”. On the other hand, Sokolik (2003) views academic writing as “a process and a product. Writers have to generate ideas, organize, draft, edit, read, reread to produce a product – a paragraph, an essay, or a report”.
It is Soholik’s idea that is accepted in this study. Approaches to teaching writing There are many ways to approach writing; however, product and process approaches are the two most popular ones. The product approach focuses on learners’ final outcome of the writing process. According to Clenton (2004) and Steele (2002), a typical product approach has four stages.
In stage 1, learners study a model text, analyze it and imitate its traits. In stage 2, students start their controlled practice of the highlighted features individually.